Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is a homologous series?
A
group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar properties
2
Q
What is a functional group?
A
atom/group of atoms that gives an organic compound its particular chemical properties (e.g. -OH, -COOH)
3
Q
What are structural isomers?
A
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula that can be straight-chained or branched
4
Q
What are hydrocarbons?
A
compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
5
Q
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A
hydrocarbon contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
6
Q
Prefixes of 1-4 carbon atoms
A
meth, eth, prop, but
7
Q
Name the three fuels
A
coal, natural gas, petroleum
8
Q
What is the main constituent of natural gas?
A
methane
9
Q
What is petroleum?
A
A mixture of hydrocarbons
10
Q
How is petroleum separated?
A
Fractional distillation
11
Q
Name the eight fractions of petroleum
A
refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating fraction, bitumen
12
Q
What is the use of refinery gas?
A
Bottled gas for heating and cooking
13
Q
What is the use of gasoline?
A
Petrol in cars
14
Q
What is the use of naphtha?
A
Making chemicals
15
Q
What is the use of kerosene/paraffin?
A
Jet fuel
16
Q
What is the use of diesel oil?
A
Fuel in diesel engines
17
Q
What is the use of fuel oil?
A
Fuel for ships and home heating systems
18
Q
What is the use of lubricating fraction?
A
Lubricants, waxes and polishes
19
Q
What is the use of bitumen?
A
Making roads
20
Q
What is the general formula for alkanes?
A
CnH2n+2
21
Q
Describe the bonding in alkanes
A
Molecules contain only single bonds between carbon atoms in the chain
22
Q
Describe the trend in boiling points for alkanes
A
Carbon chain gets longer, boiling points increase
23
Q
What are the conditions for alkanes to react with chlorine?
A
Sunlight/light
24
Q
What happens during a chlorine/alkane reaction?
A
A chlorine atom replaces a hydrogen atom
25
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
26
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C bond
27
What is cracking?
Thermal decomposition reaction, in which an alkene is produced from an alkane
28
What are the conditions of cracking?
Catalyst (aluminium oxide + silicon (IV) oxide), high temperature
29
What happens to the molecules during cracking?
Large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to smaller ones and alkenes
30
What are two differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Double bond difference, reaction in bromine water (red/orange vs colourless)
31
What is a polymer
large molecules built up from monomers
32
How is polythene produced?
Addition polymerization
33
What happens during the addition polymerization of polythene?
Double bond splits and polymer is formed
34
What do alkenes form when they react with steam under heat, pressure and a catalyst?
Alcohol
35
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1 OH
36
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH
37
What are the two ways alcohol is manufactured?
Fermentation & Catalytic addition of steam to ethene
38
Describe the process of fermentation (3)
1. Enzymes in yeast break down glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, giving out heat
a) Can be done with substances that contain cellulose, starch or glucose
b) Done by grinding source (e.g. grapes) and adding enzymes to break down cellulose and starch into glucose.
2. Leave it to ferment.
3. Fractional distillation is used to get ethanol from the mixture
39
How is ethanol separated from the mixture during fermentation?
Fractional distillation
40
Describe the process of catalytic addition to steam and ethene + conditions (3)
1. Ethene is obtained by cracking long-chain alkanes from oil
2. The ethene reacts with steam (reversibly) in the following conditions:
- 570°C
- 60-70atm
- Catalyst = phosphoric acid
3. Low temperature gives a better yield, but high temperature is used to give a better rate of reaction
41
What is the temperature needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?
570°C
42
What is the pressure needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?
60-70atm
43
What is the catalyst needed in catalytic addition to steam and ethene?
Phosphoric acid
44
What are two advantages of fermentation?
Renewable source
| Good use of waste organic material
45
What are two disadvantages of fermentation?
Fractional distillation expensive
| Slow process
46
What are two advantages of catalytic addition to steam and ethene?
Fast, continuous process
| Ethanol is pure
47
What are two disadvantages of catalytic addition to steam and ethene?
Oil is a non-renewable resource
| Lots of energy required to get conditions
48
Describe the burning of ethanol
Ethanol burns well in oxygen, giving out heat, carbon dioxide and water
49
Two uses of ethanol
Solvent and fuel
50
Why is ethanol used as a solvent?
to dissolve things than water cannot. Evaporates easily, so used as solvent in glues, printing inks & perfumes
51
Why is ethanol used as a fuel?
added to or instead of petrol, because it burns cleanly
52
What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
53
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
COOH
54
What are the properties of ethanoic acid?
Weak acid with high pH and low dissociation
55
How is ethanoic acid formed? (2)
Oxidation of ethanol:
- in air
- by fermentation with acidified potassium permanganate
56
What monomers react together in esterification?
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
57
What are the products of esterification?
Ester + water
58
What does esterification happen in the presence of?
Catalyst (e.g. sulfuric acid)
59
Esterification is ____ reaction
reversible
60
Formation of ethyl ethanoate
Ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water
61
What are polymers?
large molecules built up from small units (monomers)
62
What are some uses of poly(ethene)?
plastic bags, gloves, bowls, dustbins
63
What are some uses of poly(propene)
crates, ropes
64
What are some uses of polyvinylchloride (PVC)
rainwater pipes, gutters, insulation around electrical wires
65
What are some uses of nylon?
ropes, clothes, fishing nets
66
What are some uses of terylene?
clothing
67
What monomers are addition polymers made of?
Unsaturated monomers (such as alkenes)
68
What reaction produces condensation polymers?
condensation reaction
69
What monomers are condensation polymers made of?
molecules of two monomers usually used
70
What monomers are addition polymers made of?
usually many molecules of a single monomer
71
What reaction produces addition polymers?
an addition reaction
72
What happens during an addition reaction?
monomers join together by opening the C=C double bond
73
What product(s) are formed from an addition reaction?
only a single product -- the polymer
74
What product(s) are formed from a condensation reaction?
two products -- the polymer plus water (by product)
75
How reactive are addition polymers to acids?
resistant to acids
76
How reactive are condensation polymers to acids?
hydrolysed by acids
77
Are addition polymers biodegradable/non-biodegradable?
non-biodegradable
78
Are condensation polymers biodegradable/non-biodegradable?
biodegradable
79
What reaction produces polyesters and polyamides?
condensation reaction
80
What happens during a condensation reaction?
Monomers join to form a polymer and a small molecule is eliminated
81
Is nylon a polyamide/polyester?
polyamide
82
What are the monomers that form polyamides?
carboxylic acids + amines
83
What type of linkage do polyamides have + draw the linkage
amine linkage (C=O-N-H)
84
What is the functional group of an amine compound?
NH2
85
Describe the bond forming in the production of polyamides? (Double bonds/Single bonds breaking/forming)
No double bonds break, instead single bonds break, and new single bonds form
86
What is eliminated in the formation of polyamides?
hydrogen chloride
87
What is formed as a by-product in the formation of polyamides?
water
88
Draw the structure of nylon
C-N-H and N-H-C alternating (C with double bonds)
89
Is terylene a polyamide/polyester?
polyester
90
What are the monomers that form polyesters?
carboxylic acids + alcohols
91
What type of linkage do polyesters have + draw the linkage
Ester linkage (C=O-O)
92
What molecule is eliminated in the formation of polyesters?
water molecule
93
Draw the structure of terylene
C-O and O-C alternating (C with double bonds)
94
What is a hydrogenation reaction?
The addition of hydrogen to a compound - reacts with alkenes to form alkanes
95
What are the conditions required for a hydrogenation reaction occur?
60 degrees C
| nickel catalyst
96
What happens to the bonding in hydrogenation reactions?
Alkene double bonds break down to single bonds
97
What are three common addition reactions?
The reaction of alkenes with bromine
Hydrogenation
Steam reacts with alkenes to form alcohols
