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DAT > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Arrenium Ion

A

Carbocation ion intermideate in Nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation, and halogentation

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2
Q

When there are 3+ carbons in a linear line why happens in a alkylation?

A

They get rearranged

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3
Q

What does Zn(Hg)/HCl reagent do?

A

Gets rid of carbonyls

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4
Q

If a molecule has an activating and deactivating substitutents which takes precedence?

A

Activating!

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5
Q

Br2/Light attacks

A

Most stable Radical

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6
Q

Peroxide initiators make how many polymers?

A

1

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7
Q

What functional group is VERY unreactive in substations?

A

Amides

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8
Q

Do amides under go acid-base reactions?

A

Yes

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9
Q

HIO4- periodic acid, what does it do?

A

Cleaves at OH groups that are right by each other and oxides them into ketones or aldehydes

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10
Q

What is tollen’s Test?

A

Detect either Aldehyde or Hydroxy alpha Ketone

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11
Q

What does 2, 4 DNP detect?

A

Carbonyl Group

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12
Q

IR frequency range for OH

A

3200-3500

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13
Q

IR frequency range for NH

A

3100-3550

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14
Q

IR frequency range for CH

A

2700-3300

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15
Q

IR frequency range for C=C

A

1600-1680

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16
Q

IR frequency range for C=O

A

1630-1820

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17
Q

What occurs in haloform Reaction

A
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18
Q

Diffences between Enatomers, Epimers, Steroisomers, Diasteromers

A

Enatomers- Chiral molecule no superimposedable

Epimers- diasteromers with the chiral center only difference

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19
Q

What is the equation for Hydrogen Defiencey?

A
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20
Q

What kind of compound do Br2/CCl4 and cold dilute KMnO4 react with?

A
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21
Q

What do Aldol Reactions do?

A
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22
Q

Aldol Reactions + Heat=

A
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23
Q

What does IR work with?

A
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24
Q

What does a amides, primary and secondary amines react with?

A
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25
Q

What do enamines and imines look like?

A
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26
Q

What are Lactones?

A
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27
Q

Aldehyde + acid=

A

Aldol Reaction

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28
Q

What happens when Cl2 is in excess with a molecule?

A
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29
Q

Explain Decarboylation

A
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30
Q

What occurs in Grinard Reaction?

A
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31
Q

Name Poor Leaving Groups

A
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32
Q

What are the signaling areas of NMR

A
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33
Q

N+1 rule

A

If a hydrogen has n hydrogens

nonequivalent to it but equivalent

among themselves on the same or

adjacent atom(s), its 1H-NMR signal

is split into (n 1 1) peaks.

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34
Q

What are the signals for C-NMR vs H-NMR?

A
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35
Q

Differences between vinyl and allyl

A
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36
Q

Structure of Methylene

A
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37
Q

What are fischer projections of horizontal and vertical lines?

A
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38
Q

Is alcohol soulbe in water?

A
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39
Q

Do alkyl groups dissolve in water?

A

No, nonplar and do not readily dissolve in polr solvents

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40
Q

What are consitutional isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different connectivity

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41
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Chairal objects that are not superimposable mirror images

have the same chemical and physical properties except optical activity

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42
Q

What is optical activity

A
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43
Q

What are Diastereomers?

A

Type of a stereoisomer, two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other.

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44
Q

What kind of solvents do SN2 reaction like?

A

Polar Aprotic solvents: DMSO

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45
Q

What solevents do Sn1 reactions like?

A

Polar protic solvents: H20, Formic Acid, Ethanol, Methanol, Acetic Acid

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46
Q

What are isomers?

A
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47
Q

What are strutural Isomers

A
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48
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A
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49
Q

What are polysubtituted = bonds?

A
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50
Q

What does chiral mean?

A
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51
Q

What does achiral mean?

A
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52
Q

Is there optical activity if there is a plane of symmetry in the molecule?

A

No it is optical inactive even thought there are chiral carbons

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53
Q

What is Dextrorotatory and levorotatory?

A

D- compound that rotates the plan of polarized light to the right(clockwise) indicated by +

L- compound that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left(counter clockwise) indicated by -

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54
Q

What is the specific rotation equation?

A

specific rotation= observed rotation/(concentration(gml)xlength(dm))

55
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

Equal mixtures of dextrorotatory and levorotatory. Rotations cancel each other out so no optical activity

56
Q

Equation for possible steroisomers

A

2N N=chiral centers

57
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active

58
Q

What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?

A

Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy

59
Q

What does gauche mean in Newman projections?

A

60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation

60
Q

What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?

A

When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.

61
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

A

cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons

62
Q

what are the three seps to radical reaction?

A

Intiation, propagation, termination

63
Q

What is termination in radical reaction?

A

when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons

Decreaser the number of free radicals

Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops

64
Q

What happens when an ester is reduced?

A

They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.

65
Q

What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?

A

C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees

C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2

C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp

66
Q

What is the most stable isomers confomation?

A

Chair or boat

67
Q

Details of Sn1 reaction

A

2 step

like tertiary molecules best

rate=k[RX], first rate order

Racemic products, optically active

DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines

68
Q

Details of a Sn2 reaction

A

1 step reaction

likes methyl the best

rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction

Optically Active products

Inverted product

LOVEs strong nucelophiles

69
Q

What is extraction purfication method?

A

separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel

70
Q

What purfication method is used for filtration?

A

Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration

71
Q

When is chromatography used?

A

Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size

uses thin layer and column

72
Q

When is sublimation used as a purification method?

A

separates solids based on their ablity to sublime

73
Q

When is distillation used in purificaiton?

A

Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)

74
Q

When is recrystallization used as purfication method?

A

Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures

75
Q

When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?

A

Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge

76
Q

What is initiation in free radical halogentation?

A

Free radical gets unpared by heat or light

77
Q

What is propagation in free radical halogenation?

A

Radical makes another radical to continue reaction

radical removed by hydrgoen

78
Q

What is pyrolysis?

A

Cracking

Molecule broken down by heat

can increace production of desired compound

79
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene

80
Q

What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?

A

They are a strong nucleophile

Strongest: O-, HO-

Weak: H2O, ROH

81
Q

What do E1 reaction depend on?

A

2 step

depend on concetration

high polar solvent

subsituted carbon

good leaving group

weak nuculeophil concentration

82
Q

Define E2 reactions

A

makes two products

steric henderence not an issue

can react with everything but METHYL

likes strong bases

polarity of solvent reduced

polar aprotic solvent

like bulky nucleophiles

83
Q

What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?

A

Base peak

84
Q

What is a Witting Rxn

A

takes aldeh/ketone to alkene

yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property

85
Q

What is saponificaiton?

A

fats hydrolized under basic condtions

It is in esters

86
Q

What is gas chromotography?

A

Qualitative separtation

vapor

In column

Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees

87
Q

What is high pressure liquid chromatography?

A

Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted

88
Q

What does mass spec detect?

A

Distinguish between certain compounds

breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons

89
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment

acidic fully protenatied

base neutral

90
Q

What is a primary protein?

A

A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded

91
Q

What is a Secondary protein?

A

H Bond bw peptide chain:

Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment

ex: keratin

Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H

92
Q

What is a tertiary protein?

A

3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic

can have kinks in chain

Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment

hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment

Fibrous proteins: collagen

Globular proteins- myoglobin

93
Q

What is a quatenary protein

A

1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein

94
Q

Soap formation Reaction

A

Makes salt

soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head)

Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt

95
Q

What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?

A

Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane

96
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active

97
Q

What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?

A

Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy

98
Q

What does gauche mean in Newman projections?

A

60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation

99
Q

What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?

A

When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.

100
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

A

cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons

101
Q

what are the three seps to radical reaction?

A

Intiation, propagation, termination

102
Q

What is termination in radical reaction?

A

when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons

Decreaser the number of free radicals

Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops

103
Q

What happens when an ester is reduced?

A

They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.

104
Q

What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?

A

C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees

C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2

C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp

105
Q

What is the most stable isomers confomation?

A

Chair or boat

106
Q

Details of Sn1 reaction

A

2 step

like tertiary molecules best

rate=k[RX], first rate order

Racemic products, optically active

DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines

107
Q

Details of a Sn2 reaction

A

1 step reaction

likes methyl the best

rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction

Optically Active products

Inverted product

LOVEs strong nucelophiles

108
Q

What is extraction purfication method?

A

separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel

109
Q

What purfication method is used for filtration?

A

Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration

110
Q

When is chromatography used?

A

Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size

uses thin layer and column

111
Q

When is sublimation used as a purification method?

A

separates solids based on their ablity to sublime

112
Q

When is distillation used in purificaiton?

A

Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)

113
Q

When is recrystallization used as purfication method?

A

Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures

114
Q

When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?

A

Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge

115
Q

What is initiation in free radical halogentation?

A

Free radical gets unpared by heat or light

116
Q

What is propagation in free radical halogenation?

A

Radical makes another radical to continue reaction

radical removed by hydrgoen

117
Q

What is pyrolysis?

A

Cracking

Molecule broken down by heat

can increace production of desired compound

118
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene

119
Q

What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?

A

They are a strong nucleophile

Strongest: O-, HO-

Weak: H2O, ROH

120
Q

What do E1 reaction depend on?

A

2 step

depend on concetration

high polar solvent

subsituted carbon

good leaving group

weak nuculeophil concentration

121
Q

Define E2 reactions

A

makes two products

steric henderence not an issue

can react with everything but METHYL

likes strong bases

polarity of solvent reduced

polar aprotic solvent

like bulky nucleophiles

122
Q

What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?

A

Base peak

123
Q

What is a Witting Rxn

A

takes aldeh/ketone to alkene

yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property

124
Q

What is saponificaiton?

A

fats hydrolized under basic condtions

It is in esters

125
Q

What is gas chromotography?

A

Qualitative separtation

vapor

In column

Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees

126
Q

What is high pressure liquid chromatography?

A

Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted

127
Q

What does mass spec detect?

A

Distinguish between certain compounds

breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons

128
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment

acidic fully protenatied

base neutral

129
Q

What is a primary protein?

A

A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded

130
Q

What is a Secondary protein?

A

H Bond bw peptide chain:

Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment

ex: keratin

Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H

131
Q

What is a tertiary protein?

A

3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic

can have kinks in chain

Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment

hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment

Fibrous proteins: collagen

Globular proteins- myoglobin

132
Q

What is a quatenary protein

A

1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein

133
Q

Soap formation Reaction

A

Makes salt

soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head)

Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt

134
Q

What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?

A

Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane

DAT (4 decks)

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