Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Arrenium Ion
Carbocation ion intermideate in Nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation, and halogentation
When there are 3+ carbons in a linear line why happens in a alkylation?
They get rearranged
What does Zn(Hg)/HCl reagent do?
Gets rid of carbonyls
If a molecule has an activating and deactivating substitutents which takes precedence?
Activating!
Br2/Light attacks
Most stable Radical
Peroxide initiators make how many polymers?
1
What functional group is VERY unreactive in substations?
Amides
Do amides under go acid-base reactions?
Yes
HIO4- periodic acid, what does it do?
Cleaves at OH groups that are right by each other and oxides them into ketones or aldehydes
What is tollen’s Test?
Detect either Aldehyde or Hydroxy alpha Ketone
What does 2, 4 DNP detect?
Carbonyl Group
IR frequency range for OH
3200-3500
IR frequency range for NH
3100-3550
IR frequency range for CH
2700-3300
IR frequency range for C=C
1600-1680
IR frequency range for C=O
1630-1820
What occurs in haloform Reaction
Diffences between Enatomers, Epimers, Steroisomers, Diasteromers
Enatomers- Chiral molecule no superimposedable
Epimers- diasteromers with the chiral center only difference
What is the equation for Hydrogen Defiencey?
What kind of compound do Br2/CCl4 and cold dilute KMnO4 react with?
What do Aldol Reactions do?
Aldol Reactions + Heat=
What does IR work with?
What does a amides, primary and secondary amines react with?
What do enamines and imines look like?
What are Lactones?
Aldehyde + acid=
Aldol Reaction
What happens when Cl2 is in excess with a molecule?
Explain Decarboylation
What occurs in Grinard Reaction?
Name Poor Leaving Groups
What are the signaling areas of NMR
N+1 rule
If a hydrogen has n hydrogens
nonequivalent to it but equivalent
among themselves on the same or
adjacent atom(s), its 1H-NMR signal
is split into (n 1 1) peaks.
What are the signals for C-NMR vs H-NMR?
Differences between vinyl and allyl
Structure of Methylene
What are fischer projections of horizontal and vertical lines?
Is alcohol soulbe in water?
Do alkyl groups dissolve in water?
No, nonplar and do not readily dissolve in polr solvents
What are consitutional isomers?
Same molecular formula but different connectivity
What are enantiomers?
Chairal objects that are not superimposable mirror images
have the same chemical and physical properties except optical activity
What is optical activity
What are Diastereomers?
Type of a stereoisomer, two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other.
What kind of solvents do SN2 reaction like?
Polar Aprotic solvents: DMSO
What solevents do Sn1 reactions like?
Polar protic solvents: H20, Formic Acid, Ethanol, Methanol, Acetic Acid
What are isomers?
What are strutural Isomers
What are geometric isomers?
What are polysubtituted = bonds?
What does chiral mean?
What does achiral mean?
Is there optical activity if there is a plane of symmetry in the molecule?
No it is optical inactive even thought there are chiral carbons
What is Dextrorotatory and levorotatory?
D- compound that rotates the plan of polarized light to the right(clockwise) indicated by +
L- compound that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left(counter clockwise) indicated by -
What is the specific rotation equation?
specific rotation= observed rotation/(concentration(gml)xlength(dm))
What is a racemic mixture?
Equal mixtures of dextrorotatory and levorotatory. Rotations cancel each other out so no optical activity
Equation for possible steroisomers
2N N=chiral centers
What is a meso compound?
Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active
What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?
Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy
What does gauche mean in Newman projections?
60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation
What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?
When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.
What are aromatic compounds?
cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons
what are the three seps to radical reaction?
Intiation, propagation, termination
What is termination in radical reaction?
when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons
Decreaser the number of free radicals
Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops
What happens when an ester is reduced?
They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.
What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?
C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees
C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2
C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp
What is the most stable isomers confomation?
Chair or boat
Details of Sn1 reaction
2 step
like tertiary molecules best
rate=k[RX], first rate order
Racemic products, optically active
DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines
Details of a Sn2 reaction
1 step reaction
likes methyl the best
rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction
Optically Active products
Inverted product
LOVEs strong nucelophiles
What is extraction purfication method?
separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel
What purfication method is used for filtration?
Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration
When is chromatography used?
Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size
uses thin layer and column
When is sublimation used as a purification method?
separates solids based on their ablity to sublime
When is distillation used in purificaiton?
Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)
When is recrystallization used as purfication method?
Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures
When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?
Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge
What is initiation in free radical halogentation?
Free radical gets unpared by heat or light
What is propagation in free radical halogenation?
Radical makes another radical to continue reaction
radical removed by hydrgoen
What is pyrolysis?
Cracking
Molecule broken down by heat
can increace production of desired compound
What is disproportionation?
Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene
What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?
They are a strong nucleophile
Strongest: O-, HO-
Weak: H2O, ROH
What do E1 reaction depend on?
2 step
depend on concetration
high polar solvent
subsituted carbon
good leaving group
weak nuculeophil concentration
Define E2 reactions
makes two products
steric henderence not an issue
can react with everything but METHYL
likes strong bases
polarity of solvent reduced
polar aprotic solvent
like bulky nucleophiles
What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?
Base peak
What is a Witting Rxn
takes aldeh/ketone to alkene
yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property
What is saponificaiton?
fats hydrolized under basic condtions
It is in esters
What is gas chromotography?
Qualitative separtation
vapor
In column
Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees
What is high pressure liquid chromatography?
Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted
What does mass spec detect?
Distinguish between certain compounds
breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons
What does amphoteric mean?
Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment
acidic fully protenatied
base neutral
What is a primary protein?
A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded
What is a Secondary protein?
H Bond bw peptide chain:
Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment
ex: keratin
Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H
What is a tertiary protein?
3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic
can have kinks in chain
Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment
hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment
Fibrous proteins: collagen
Globular proteins- myoglobin
What is a quatenary protein
1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein
Soap formation Reaction
Makes salt
soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head)
Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt
What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?
Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane
What is a meso compound?
Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active
What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?
Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy
What does gauche mean in Newman projections?
60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation
What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?
When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.
What are aromatic compounds?
cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons
what are the three seps to radical reaction?
Intiation, propagation, termination
What is termination in radical reaction?
when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons
Decreaser the number of free radicals
Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops
What happens when an ester is reduced?
They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.
What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?
C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees
C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2
C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp
What is the most stable isomers confomation?
Chair or boat
Details of Sn1 reaction
2 step
like tertiary molecules best
rate=k[RX], first rate order
Racemic products, optically active
DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines
Details of a Sn2 reaction
1 step reaction
likes methyl the best
rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction
Optically Active products
Inverted product
LOVEs strong nucelophiles
What is extraction purfication method?
separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel
What purfication method is used for filtration?
Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration
When is chromatography used?
Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size
uses thin layer and column
When is sublimation used as a purification method?
separates solids based on their ablity to sublime
When is distillation used in purificaiton?
Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)
When is recrystallization used as purfication method?
Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures
When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?
Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge
What is initiation in free radical halogentation?
Free radical gets unpared by heat or light
What is propagation in free radical halogenation?
Radical makes another radical to continue reaction
radical removed by hydrgoen
What is pyrolysis?
Cracking
Molecule broken down by heat
can increace production of desired compound
What is disproportionation?
Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene
What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?
They are a strong nucleophile
Strongest: O-, HO-
Weak: H2O, ROH
What do E1 reaction depend on?
2 step
depend on concetration
high polar solvent
subsituted carbon
good leaving group
weak nuculeophil concentration
Define E2 reactions
makes two products
steric henderence not an issue
can react with everything but METHYL
likes strong bases
polarity of solvent reduced
polar aprotic solvent
like bulky nucleophiles
What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?
Base peak
What is a Witting Rxn
takes aldeh/ketone to alkene
yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property
What is saponificaiton?
fats hydrolized under basic condtions
It is in esters
What is gas chromotography?
Qualitative separtation
vapor
In column
Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees
What is high pressure liquid chromatography?
Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted
What does mass spec detect?
Distinguish between certain compounds
breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons
What does amphoteric mean?
Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment
acidic fully protenatied
base neutral
What is a primary protein?
A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded
What is a Secondary protein?
H Bond bw peptide chain:
Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment
ex: keratin
Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H
What is a tertiary protein?
3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic
can have kinks in chain
Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment
hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment
Fibrous proteins: collagen
Globular proteins- myoglobin
What is a quatenary protein
1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein
Soap formation Reaction
Makes salt
soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head)
Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt
What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?
Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane
