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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Monotreme?

A

Mammal that lays eggs

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2
Q

Where is Na+ located more?

A

Inside the cell while K+ is more outside the cell

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3
Q

What is Ouabin?

A

Inhibit ATP for Na+K pump

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4
Q

What does vasocostricion do to affect arterioles/

A

decreases rate of filtration and blood flow

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5
Q

What does vasoconstricion do to efferent arterioles?

A

Increase rate of filtration and blood flow

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6
Q

What do sympathetic innervation do to afferent arterioles?

A

Decrease urine

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7
Q

What do steriod hormones bind?

A

To nuclear receptor NOT on cell surface receptors example estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

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8
Q

What is Angiosperm?

A

Plant that has flowers and produces seed with in carpel
Can double fertilize
Endosperm give nutrients to embryo
Example: fruit, oaks, maple

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

EVERYWHERE

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10
Q

What do heptic veins do?

A

take blood from the liver to the heart and empty into interlobular vena cava

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11
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Takes the blood from the heart to the liver

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12
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

2 different species with different ancestors evolve with the same physical features

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13
Q

What is Habitit selection?

A

Behavioral responses that use the habitat as influence on survival and fitness

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14
Q

What is Adaptive Radiation?

A

of lineages from single species
species may diverge
adaptation minimize competition\
speciation

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15
Q

What is divergent?

A

1 species that diverges 2 differ ways

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16
Q

What is Hyperidoma?

A

Lymphocytes + myeloma

can produce desired antibody

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17
Q

What happens in the 1st trimester?

A

Major organs develop
most sensitive to drugs and radiation
organs growing rapidly

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18
Q

When is something called a fetus?

A

at 8 weeks

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19
Q

What happens in the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

2nd: can see pregnancy and fetus very active

3rd final growing really just chilling

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20
Q

What are the various types of WBC?

A

Neurophili(60%), lympphctes(30%), monocytes, basophils, and eosinphilis

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21
Q

What is in the lymph tissue?

A

H2O, proteins, salts, sugars, urea

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22
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Takes interstitial fluid to blood, absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins, gives defense against microorganisms

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23
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

filter invaders

*spleen has lymphocytes

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24
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell death

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25
Q

Hyperasia

A

enlargement of organ/tissue once rate cells reproduce- early stages of cancer

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26
Q

Cell Cell Fusion

A

uninuculear to multinuclear cell
can help differentiate
keep cell with specific function through organism life

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27
Q

Atrophy

A

wasting part of body way

degrading muscle

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28
Q

Aplasia

A

When organ or tissue does not develop normal functions

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29
Q

Catabolism

A

break down of nutrients to provide energy

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30
Q

Anabolism

A

make biomolecule from similar compounds

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31
Q

Catalysis

A

accelerate chemical reactions

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32
Q

Vegetal Pole

A

where yolk is concentrated in egg in female

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33
Q

Animal Pole

A

Least amount of yolk

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34
Q

What do ectodermal cells do?

A

They elongate and make a mural plat that becomes the brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

Gray Crescent

A

makes body axis; opposite side of where the sperm penetrates

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36
Q

What is Somite

A

Segmented block of tissue form om either side of notochord

Help form muscles of axial skeleton

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37
Q

What is cleavage after federalization?

A

serious of mitotic cell divisions

embryo does not increases in size

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38
Q

What is parthenogenis

A

Asxeual reporduction

Virgin Mary birth- offspring develops form unfertilized egg

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39
Q

Gasturaltion

A

Makes the ectoderm, encoderm, and mesoderm

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40
Q

What does the ectoderm make from gasturlation?

A

Hair, nails, skiing of nose, mouth, and butt. Lens of eye, retina, nervous system

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41
Q

What does the endoderm make form gasturlation?

A

Lining of disgetive and respiratory tract, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining

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42
Q

What does the mesoderm maker from gastrulation

A

Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue, portions of digestive and respirator organs

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43
Q

Hypertorphy

A

Enlarge organ/tissue by increase cell size

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44
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Spruce, fir tress, pine

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45
Q

Divisions of Angiosperms

A

Monocot- parellel veins

Dicot- netlike veins

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46
Q

Gamotophye

A

Haploid mutlicelled stage

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47
Q

Sporophyte

A

Dipolid multi celled stage

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48
Q

What are the 2 branches of the immune system?

A

Humoral and cell mediated

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49
Q

What is humoral immune system?

A

Makes antibodies are produced by B cells, combat viruses and bacteria, circulates antibodies

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50
Q

What is cell mediated immune system?

A

Combat fungal and viral infections, use t cells(defends against intracellular pathogen), pathogen invade bodies

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51
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

WBC adhere to and pass through endothelium blood vessels, WBC become apart of intersitutal fluid

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52
Q

What hormones are released by injured tissue?

A

Histamine and postagladins

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53
Q

Where does lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth ER

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54
Q

What synthesizes ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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55
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

In all animal tissue especially skin

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56
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

closest contact bw cells, in a typical region around cell circumference, interface bw cavity or lumen

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57
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Usisually in heart, brain(neurotransmitter), birth, intercellular channels in plasma, small cells can diffuse and go through cytoplasm

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58
Q

What are adherents junction?

A

Cardic cells, epitheal cells, intercellular adhesion, from cadherins/catenines

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59
Q

What is the glomerfular filtrate?

A

mostly H2O

contains: blood plasma, sugar, urea, amino acids, and ions

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60
Q

What does an increase of BP do to the bowman capsule?

A

More stuff is forced into capillaries and forces things in to bowman capsule

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61
Q

What is the first step of urine formation?

A

filtration

passive filtartion glomerous to bowmen capsule

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62
Q

What is the second step of urine formation?

A

secreation

secrete by particular capillararies to nephron tuble

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63
Q

What is the third step of urine formation?

A

Reabsorption

essentials & sugars are reabsorbed and returned to blood

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64
Q

What is trisomny?

A

3 copies instead of 2 for chromosomes

Edwards(Chromo 18), Down(21) Kliefelter

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65
Q

What is monsomy?

A

single copy of chromosomes

Turer

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66
Q

What are the two type of hormones?

A

Steroid and non steroidal

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67
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

They are lipid soluble from cholesteral

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68
Q

What are non steroidal hormones?

A

Made of amino acids, dissolve in H2O

nonepinerpherene and epinepherine

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69
Q

What is lumen?

A

Space in tube

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70
Q

What are sphincters?

A

rings of muscles usally

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71
Q

What are submucosa

A

connective tissue blood/lymph

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72
Q

What is Amylase

A

Enzyme made by pancreas and salivary gland

breaks down carbs

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73
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Take stuff to fecal matter and absorb vitamins and H2O

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74
Q

What can candium develop?

A

xylem or phelom

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75
Q

What is xylem?

A

tissue that transport H2O and minerals up the stem

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76
Q

What is phelom?

A

Transport down the stem?

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77
Q

What are prpherial proteins?

A

Bound to charge polar head

mild salts that can remove them

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78
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan-polysaccarides and peptide chains

exam gram + bacteria staining they are purple

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79
Q

What kinds of bacteria is blue green algae?

A

cynobacteria

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80
Q

What are teichoic acids?

A

reconginiton and bindings site for bacterial viruses that can cause infection
ex gram +

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81
Q

What does the mylen shelf make?

A

Schwann cells

Mylen elctroll insolator in axon signal

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82
Q

Where is glucogenisis?

A

cytosol

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83
Q

What is the process for nerve signaling?

A

presynaptic cell to synaptic cleft to post synaptic cleft

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84
Q

What is in the middle ear?

A

edrumm(tymanic membrane)- vibrate as frequency

incus, mallesu, stepes- amplify and transport to inner ear

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85
Q

What is in the inner ear?

A

cochlea-sound waves to neural messages; stimulate basilar membrane(action potential)
semicellular canals- balance

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86
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland?

A

HGH, LH,FSH, TSH & prolactin

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87
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

ADH-vasopressin & oxycotin

both made by hypothalamus

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88
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

A

cortisol & aldosterene(Na+ reabsorbed & K+ secretion in kidney and in crease bp & blood volume

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89
Q

What makes glugagon?

A

pancreatic alpha cells

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90
Q

What makes insulin?

A

made by B cells

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91
Q

What increases glucose levels?

A

glucose and cortisol

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92
Q

what decreases insulin levels?

A

insulin

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93
Q

What is parasitism?

A

one benefits other harmed

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94
Q

What is mutralism>

A

both benefit

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95
Q

What is commensilamism?

A

one benefits other unharmed

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96
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

decomposers any her energy from dead organisms

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97
Q

What do the chief stomach cells do?

A

secrete epesinogen

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98
Q

What do the parietal cells of the stomach do?

A

secrete HCL, intrisic factor, absorb B12

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99
Q

What do G cells of the stomach do?

A

Secrete hormone gastrin. stimulate parietal cells

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100
Q

What do Mucous cells of the stomach do?

A

secret mucose, lubriatae stomach and protect stomach

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101
Q

What are cartilaginous fish?

A

Sharks

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102
Q

What do oseto blast carry out?

A

mitosis

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103
Q

What kind of symmetry do echinoderms have?

A

radial

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104
Q

What are coelenterates?

A

Carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey

use nemotocytes- sting cells

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105
Q

What are the 4 basic groups?

A

autotrophic anaerobes- chemosynthetic bacteria
autotrophi aerobes-green plants & photo plankton
heterotrophic anerobes- yeast
heterotropic aerobes- ameoba, humans

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106
Q

what are all living things made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfar, phosophrus

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107
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All livings things made of cells
cells basic function unit of life
cells only come from other cell
cell genetic information is in DNA & passed down

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108
Q

What is a compound light microscope?

A

use 2 lenese, nonliving specimens, uses staningin

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109
Q

What is phase contrast microscope?

A

Special Light microscope

study living things

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110
Q

What is electron microscope?

A

Use beam of electrons
specimens dead
most magnetic

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111
Q

Explain nucleus

A

contains DNA: histones to chromosomes

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112
Q

Explain ER

A

transport material through cell

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113
Q

Explain Golgi

A

receives vesicles form smooth ER and modifies them

usually do excoytosis

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114
Q

Explain Mitocondria

A

Powerhouse

aerobic respiration

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115
Q

Explain Lysosomes

A

hydrolytic enzymes

breaks down material

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116
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Dying tissue commit suicide: bust open lysosomes so hydrolytic enemies are relseased

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117
Q

Explain cytoskeleton

A

microtubles and mircofliaments

shape, support and function cell mobility

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118
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

outside is less concentrated that inside
water goes in
lyse & sell cells

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119
Q

What is hypertonic solution

A

outside is more concentrated than inside
so water goes out
plasomylsis:cells shrivel

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120
Q

What is cyclosis/streaming?

A

circular motion of cytoplasm around transport molecules

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121
Q

How does the ER transport material in cell?

A

channels through cytoplasm

plasma membrance to nuclear membrane

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122
Q

What is an enzymes?

A

organic catalyst: effects rate of chemical reactions w/o itself being different
regulate metabolsim

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123
Q

What is the induced fit theory?

A

widely accepted theory of enzymes

active site flexible when right substrate comes in contact wit active site the active site changes to fit substrate

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124
Q

What is enzyme reversibility?

A

enzyme reaction reversible

product made by enzyme can be decomposed by same enzyme

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125
Q

What do enzymes depend on to function properly?

A

temp,ph, concentration of enzyme & substrate

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126
Q

How does enzyme effected by temperature or pH?

A

inc temp/pH inc rate of enzyme

until it reaches a threshold, once pass that it alters shape and goes down

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127
Q

How are enzymes effected by concentration of enzyme and substrates?

A

dec enzyme dec substrate- active site unoccupied, rate low

Inc substrate until all active sites are full, then the extra substrate does not have a effect- plateaus

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128
Q

What is hydrolysis>

A

digest large molecules into smaller components

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129
Q

What are cofactors?

A

enzymes require non protein molecules to become active

bind w/ covalent bonds

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130
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

convert energy of sun to chemical energy

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131
Q

What is respiration?

A

chemical energy to energy for living cells

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132
Q

What stages of glucose catabolism?

A

glycolsis and cellular respiration

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133
Q

Explain Glycolysis

A

glucose to 2 pyruvate acids, 4 total ATP, 2 Net ATP

occurs in cytoplasm

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134
Q

What can happen to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

anaerobic-fementation( to ethanol/latic acid)

aerobic-further oxidzed

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135
Q

Explain fermentation

A

Makes ethanol-in yeast & other bacteria
Lactic Acid- O2 lags behind in mucles of humans, fungi, bacteria
uses NAD+ from glycolysis

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136
Q

What is cellular resipiraton

A

Best way to get enrgyt form glucose
make 36- 38 ATP
Aerobic
In mitocondria

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137
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Pyruvate decarboxylation
  2. Citric Acid cycle/ Krebs
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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138
Q

Explain Pyruvate Decarboxylation

A

Pyruvate loses CO2, changes to Acteyl CoA

Happens in Mitochondria

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139
Q

Explain Citric Acid Cycle

A

AKA Kreb Cycle
Uses acetyl CoA from Pyruvate to make stuff
Each turn: 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1FADH2 per glucose
take these to ETC

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140
Q

Explain Electron Transport Chain

A

In inner mitochondria
ATP made when electrons transfer
Molecules are cytochrome

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141
Q

What is the Total energy produced per glucose molecule?

A

36 Total ATP
6 glycolsis
4 decarb
24- citric acid

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142
Q

When carbs are used for alternate energy where?

A

disaccar to monosaccaride
can be made into glucose
glycogen in liver can be converted

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143
Q

Taking fat to energy

A

lipids to fatty acids to glycerol

yield greatest number of ATP per gram

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144
Q

Taking protein to energy

A

last resort
transamination reaction- amino acids loses amino group
oxidative deamination- removes ammonia form amino acids

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145
Q

What is the calvin cycle?

A

used by autotrophs for energy

makes 12 PGAL made in to nutrients

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146
Q

Explain Mitosis - 1st 3 steps

A

I- cell 90% life, sister chromatics held together, Chomatin(Dna uncoiled)

P- Chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite poles of cell, nucleus membrane dissolves, spindle app start

M- Centrioles opposite sides, spdile fibers attach to each chrmatid at the centromer, chromosomes move to equator of cell(metaphase plate)

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147
Q

What is karyokinesis and cytokinesis?

A

K-nuclear division

c-cytoplasm division

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148
Q

Explain Mitosis- Next 2 steps

A

A-centromere spilt, allowing sister chromatids to split, sister c. pulled toward different poles
T- spindle app leveaves, nuclear memnrain forms around chromosomes, nucelsus contain same amount of chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil & revert back to interphase

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149
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

make sex cells
produces hapilod
2 divisons

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150
Q

Explain Meosis I 1st 2

A

P1- chrome some condense, nuclear membrane disappears

M1- align @ equator, attach to spindle by its kenetochore

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151
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

Chromosome code for same traits

Come from each parent

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152
Q

What do each chromosome have in meiosis?

A

two sister chromatid and both togeth make tetrad

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153
Q

What is crossing over

A

Some chromatids exchange DNA

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154
Q

What is recombination

A

Caused by crossing over

give genetic diversity

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155
Q

Explain Meosis 1 2nd half

A

A1- homo pais separate, disjunction-each parent chromo split and go opposite ways & creates diversity
T1- Nucelous memebrane forms

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156
Q

Explain Meosis II

A

makes haploid
Human Feamle, only one gametes function
Follow Mitosis: Chrom allighn separate to apposite poles and split into

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157
Q

Where are gametes made?

A

males- semiinferous tubules-sperm

females- overies- oocytes

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158
Q

What animals are usual hermaphrodites?

A

Hydra & earthworms

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159
Q

Explain Spermatogenesis

A

in semiinferous tubles

spermatogonai to meosis to haploid sperm

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160
Q

Explain structure of sperm

A

Head of sperm- unsells and contain genome
tail of sperm- propel it
neck & body- mitochondria powerhouse allow movement

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161
Q

Explain structure of oocytes

A

Conatin cytoplasm, RNA, & nutrients needed for development

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162
Q

Where is external fertilization?

A

Fish & amphibians

reduce chance of fertilization

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163
Q

Where is internal fertilization?

A

Gives direct rout to sperm

female produce less eggs

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164
Q

How does sperm travel?

A

SEVEN UP

Seminiferous tubules, epidymiss, vas deferns, ejaculation duct, NOTHING, ureth, penis

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165
Q

What is the female follicles

A

sac of cells contain nutrients, produce estrogen & protect ovum

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166
Q

Where does the fetus develop?

A

Uterus

Fllopian tube opens to it

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167
Q

What is the cervix?

A

LOwer end of uterus
where sperm deposited
connects with vagina

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168
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Regulated by LH & FSH: Estorgen and progesterone

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169
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Steroid Horomone
Stimulate development of female reproduction
Sex Drive
sexual Characteristic
Endometrium-thickening of uterine wall
Secreted by ovaries follicles & corpus luteum

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170
Q

What is progesterone

A

Steroid Hromone
Secreted by corpus luteum during mesntral cycle
Stimulates-
Development & maintnece of ednometral walls
Implate to make baby

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171
Q

What are the four stages of menstral cycle?

A

Follicular cycle
Ovulation
Luteal Phase
Menstration

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172
Q

What is the Follicular cycle of the menestral cycle?

A

FSH from pituitary promotes devilment of follicle & begins to secreting estrogen

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173
Q

What it ovulation of the menestral cycle?

A

Midway
A good follicle burst & release ovum
Caused by LH- scaled by peak in estrogen

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174
Q

What is the luteal phase of the menestral cycle?

A

LH cause ruptured follicle to develop in corpus lutem

Progesterone cause endomentrium to mature & secrete the stuff is need for implantaion

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175
Q

What is the menstration of the menstral cycle?

A

Ovum not fertilized
corpus lute waste away
progesterone & estrange drop
Causes mensis- endomentrum falls off

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176
Q

What happens in fertilization?

A

Developing placent makes HCG- Human Charinoic Goanadotripin

Maintains the corpus luteum, Estorgen and progesterone (until placenta can make its own)

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177
Q

What are asexual processes?

A

Fission- DNA replicate to new plasma to cell split, equal size
Budding- unequal separate by pinching
Regeneration- regrow body part by mitosis ex salmon, starfish
Parthenogenisis- develop egg with out unfertilization

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178
Q

What is the sexual reproduction in plants?

A

sporphye to gametothyte

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179
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Exsist in alternateive fore alleles

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180
Q

What is the Law of Dominance?

A

Dominant and recessive alles

homozygous, heterozygous

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181
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Cross two different trait

gene separate on chromosomes and assort differein meosis

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182
Q

What is the ration for F1 generation?

A

9:3:3:1

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183
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

phenotypes blend

heterozygous mix phenotype

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184
Q

What is codominacne?

A

Mutiple alleles exist for a gene & make more than 1 is dominant
both alleles expressed

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185
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Homologus chromosomes fail to separate in Meosis I, makes trisomny and monsomy

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186
Q

What is Chromosome breakage?

A

Spontaneous, enviromenta(X-ray)

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187
Q

What are examples of genetic disorders?

A

Phenyl Ketohuria- can’t make metabolism phenalaline

Sickle Cell- RBC crescent shape, single base pair substation

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188
Q

Which nucleotides are purianes and pyridines

A

CUI the PIE- Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine are prymadines

Adidenes & guanine are purines

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189
Q

What is the mRNA?

A

Nucleus to ribosomes
Carries complementary DNA sequence
mRNA makes the capy of DNA mother strand
leaves through nucleus pores

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190
Q

What is tRNA?

A

in cytoplasm
Translates mRNA to amino acids
Takes amino acids to ribosomes during protein sytnthesis

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191
Q

What is rRNA

A

structural component of ribosome
MOST ABUNDANT
Synthesized in nucleolus

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192
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

compen to one mRNA codon

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193
Q

What are episomes?

A

Plasmids that are capable of getting into the bacterial genome

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194
Q

What is the direction of DNA replication?

A

5’ to 3’

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195
Q

What is transduction?

A

Bacterial chromosome fragments become apart of host cell during viral infection with recombination
bacteriophage attaches to cell and release DNA and the cell reduces more phages

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196
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

virus that infect host bacterium by attaching to it and injects it DNA
Has 2 cycles

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197
Q

What is the lyric cycle in bacteriophages?

A

Takes control of genetic machinery
makes a lot of babies
Bacterial Cell lysises & release virions(babies)

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198
Q

What does virulent mean?

A

Kill their host

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199
Q

What is lysogenic Cycle?

A

Does NOT lysis host cell
Inserts DNA in to host cell
Lies dormant
When it is active it can go through the lytic cycle

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200
Q

What are southern blots?

A

Detec specific DNA sequences

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201
Q

What does DNA Ligase?

A

Join DNA fragment by making phsopodiester bonds bw DNA nucleotides

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202
Q

What is the early develop meant of zygote?

A

Fertilzation then cleavege

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203
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid miotic dividson
volume remains the same but # of cells grow
inc surface to volume ratio

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204
Q

How are twin made?

A

inter determinate cleavage cells maintain ablitily to develop complete organisms

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205
Q

What is determinate cleavage?

A

Cells where pathway determined in early development

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206
Q

what the 3 completion of cleavage?

A

1st- zygote 32 hrs after fertilization
2nd….
3rd 72hrs now it is 8 cells & will reach uterus

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207
Q

What is morula?

A

solid ball of embryonic cells

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208
Q

When does blastualtion start?

A

When morula make fluid cavity

Blastuala- 4th day hollow sphere

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209
Q

What is gastulation?

A

3 layered formed form blastula

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210
Q

What is chorion

A

lines inside shell; gas exchange

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211
Q

What is allantosis

A

respiration and excretion; transport O2, CO2, water, etc in blood
connects to placenta

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212
Q

what is amnion

A

amniotic fluid, protect embrio form shock

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213
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

gives nutrients to embryo by blood vessels

associated with umbilical vessels

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214
Q

What animal does nonplacental development?

A

Marsupials

young born young

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215
Q

What is the vascular system in protozoans?

A

simple diffusion

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216
Q

What is the vascular system in Cnidarians?

A

Body two walls thick

have direct contact with internal and external

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217
Q

What is the vascular system of Arthopods?

A

Open circulatory system
blood direct contact with tissue
have dorsal vessels and into sinuses

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218
Q

what are the vascular system of annelids?

A

Closed circulatory
blood in vessels & moves toward head
no RBC

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219
Q

Define circulation of blood in humans

A

O2 blood-LV-Aorta- Arteries - arterioles-capillaries(gas exhange)- venules- veins- inferior & superior vena cava-RA-RV- pulmonary arteries-lungs(get O2)-pulmonary vein- LA- LV

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220
Q

What are arteries?

A

Thick walled, transport O2 away from heart

except pulmonary arteries

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221
Q

What are veins?

A

Thin, elastic
Take DeO2 to heart
except pulmonary beings
Suspectiable to gravity

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222
Q

What are capillaries?

A

thin & diffuse gases & nutrients easily

smallest

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223
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

Transport lymph

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224
Q

What is in blood plamsa?

A

Iiquid portion
mix of gases, waste, hormones,
cellular component- platelets. leukocytes, eryhtocytes

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225
Q

What is released to platlets & damaged tissue?

A

thromboplastin activates platelets

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226
Q

What does thrombin activate?

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

which coats damaged are & trap blood cells

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227
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Makes antibodies during immune response

vaccines

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228
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

transfer antibodies of another organism to another one

ex placenta

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229
Q

What are nonspecific denfense mechanism?

A

Skin- physical
mucous- example respiratory tract
Macrophages
immflammation- dilate blood vessels
Granulocytes- respond to fever, antigenic material
Interferons- proteins made under viral attach
Allergies- inappropriate response to food/pollen

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230
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

Kidney

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231
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Stress response

Steroid hormones-corticosteriod(made form cholesterol), mineralcorticosteriod, cortical sex hormone

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232
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisol & cortisone
make glucose
lower protein synthesis

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233
Q

What are mineralocorticoids

A

Aldostrone-regulate plasma levels, NaCl, K,
Reabsorb NaCl
Reabsore H2O in nepheron
inc blood volume & pressure

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234
Q

What are cortical sex hormones?

A

Androgen(male & female sex hormone)
In males testes- adrenal androgen little effect
in females over porduction: masculatin effects

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235
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines- epinephrein & nonepinerpherine: neruptranmitters

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236
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Makes glucose in liver & muscles
inc blood glucose levels
inc basal metabolic rate
Inhibit simple functions like digestion stuff not needed for survival

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237
Q

What is the flight or flight respones?

A

uses both epinephrine or non epinephrine

inc blood, heart rate

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238
Q

What are control adrenal hormones?

A

ACTH- adreno crtiotrophic hormones
Controls release of hormones
Secreted by Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulate synthesis of glucocortiriod & sex steriods

239
Q

What are direct hormones?

A

goes directly to organ
PiG
Prolatin & Growth Horomone

240
Q

What are tropic hromones

A

stimulate endocrine gland to release hormones
FLAT
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

241
Q

What is GH?

A

Secreted by Anterior pituritarty gland
growth of bone & muscles
factor in dwarfism/gigantism

242
Q

What is Prolactin?

A

Female mammary glands Makes milk & secretion

243
Q

What is ACTH

A

makes and secretes glucocorticoids

244
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

synthesis & release third hormones: thyroxin

245
Q

What is LH?

A

Lutenizing hormone
Stimulate ovulation & formation of the corpus lute
In males- testes to make testosterone

246
Q

What is FSH

A

Follicle stimulating Hormone
Females- mature ovairan follicueles: secrete estorgens
Males- mature semi tubles: sperm productions

247
Q

What is MSH?

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Secreted my intermide one
in frog makes them dark

248
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

Does NOt Synethesize hormones

store and release: oxytocin, ADH- made by hypothalamus

249
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Secreated during child birth
inc strength & frequency of contraction
stimulate mil secretion

250
Q

What is ADH?*

A

Anitdiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin
Inc permeability of Nepheron: in collecting duct promote H2O
Inc blood flow

251
Q

What is the process of secreting a hormone?

A

Hypoth- hyopo hormone- anterior- Ap hormone- perpipheral endocrine gland- peperpherial gland hormone- target

252
Q

Where does the hypothalamus revive transmission

A

brain & peripheral nerve

253
Q

What does the hypothalamus stimulate?

A

Anterior to secrete FSH & LH

254
Q

What does the thyroid make and secrete?

A

thyroxin, thriiodothy rohine and calcitonin

255
Q

What do thyroxine & triiodothyrane do?

A

necessary for growth & neuroglical development

inc metabolism in body

256
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Dec plasm Ca2+ by stopping its release in bone

regulated by plasma levels

257
Q

What type of organ is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

258
Q

What dos the exocrine do?

A

cells secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine

259
Q

What is the endocrine?

A

Islets of langrenans
alphas cells-secrete & make glucagon
beta cells- produce and secrete insulin

260
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

Breaks down fat & protein
inc blood glucose levels
glycogan-glucose-glucoeogenesis

261
Q

What is insulin?

A

Secret in response of high blood glucose
glucose-glycogon
make glucose form fat

262
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

screate parathyroid hromones-PTh

regulates plasma Ca2+ inc concentration in blood

263
Q

What is renin

A

sto stimulation once H2O inc in kidney
convert plasmaw
secreates aldosterone

264
Q

What is secretin?

A

released by small intestine
when acidic food inter stomach
stimulate secretion of alkaline bicarbonate: neutrizes chyme

265
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

released by small inteste bc of fats
cause contraction of gall bladder
releases bile- digest fats

266
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

helps with circadian rhythms

267
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrities, cell body and axon

268
Q

What is a dendrite

A

receives info and transmit to cell body

269
Q

What is a cell body(somas)?

A

Nucleus and controls metanolic activity

270
Q

What is an axon?

A

Takese impulse away from cellbody

271
Q

What is myelin?

A

Allows axons to conduct impulse faster
produces glial cell
in animals

272
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Make myelin( CNS)

273
Q

What are schwann Cells

A

Make myelin(PNS)

274
Q

What are nodes of Ranner?

A

Gaps bw segments of mylein

275
Q

What are synaptic terminals?

A

Ends of axon
neurotransmitters released
nerve to synapse(gap bw axon terminals)

276
Q

What is the function of neuron?

A

Revieves signals form sensory receptors /form other neurons

Take inför from length of axon

277
Q

What are impulses?

A

Action potentials
travel length of axon
invade nerver terminals- causes release of neurotransmitter to synapse

278
Q

What is a neuron at resting potential?

A

Polarized

typical -70mV: more inside than out

279
Q

*Which move in and out cells, K+ Na+?

A

K+, goes down concentration gradient

Na+ is impermeable

280
Q

What does the cell body do in action potential?

A

revieves excitatory and inbitor impuleses

281
Q

What type of cells make action potential?

A

Excited or depolarized

282
Q

What is the threshold for action potential

283
Q

What starts action potential

A

When voltage gate NA+ channel open bc depolarization

284
Q

What are votalge gated ion channels?

A

open to changes in voltage

285
Q

*What happens with Na+ and K+ channels?

A

Na+ closes

K+ open

286
Q

What is a synapse?

A

bw axon terminal and dendrite(postsynaptic neuron)

287
Q

What are effector cells?

A

neuron take to postsynaptic cells

288
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

membrane bond vesciles

can depolarize posynaptic cells and start action potential

289
Q

What does action potential do?

A

Allows nerve terminals to depolarize

allow synaptic vesicles to attach to presynaptic membrane

290
Q

How to get rid of neurotransmitter?

A

Taken back in terminal-can be reused
broken down by enzyme
diffuse out of synapse

291
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

take sensory info TO brain/spinal cord

292
Q

What are efferent?

A

motor commands FROM brain and spinal to body

293
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Local circuits

link sensory & motor in spinal cord

294
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of axon w/ connective tissue

295
Q

What is plexus?

A

network of nerve fibers

296
Q

What is ganlia

A

cll bodies clustered together

297
Q

What are the two major nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

298
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Brain & spine

299
Q

What are 3 parts of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain

300
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

telencephalon
cebral cortex
high gray matter
Olfactoy bulb

301
Q

What does the forebrain do?

A

process & interepates sensory input, motor responses(memory, creativity)

302
Q

What is the dincephaon?

A

thalamus & hypothalumus

303
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Rely and intergrate center for spinal cord & cortex

304
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Visceral functions-hunger, sex

control endocrine

305
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Visual & auditory impluses

import motor control

306
Q

What is in the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, pons, & medulla

307
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

modulate motor impulses by cortex

mantenace of balance sy coordination, rapid movements

308
Q

What are pons?

A

allow cortex communication with cerebellum

309
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Vital fucntions

breathing, heart rate, gastreo stuff

310
Q

What is gray matter?

A

outter brain, cell bodies

311
Q

What is white matter?

A

inner brain myelin axon

312
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

information afrom brain travel though this

can do motor(reflexes)

313
Q

What is the dorsal horn>

A

where sensory info enter spinal cord

cell bodies are in ganglia dorsal rooot

314
Q

What is the ventral horn?

A

ALL motor info exits spinal cord

315
Q

What is peripheral Nervous system

A

Nerves ang ganglia

sensory nerves that enter CNS & motor nerves that leave CNS

316
Q

What is apart of Peripheral Nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

317
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscles

volunarty movements

318
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Invountary movements

use cardiac and smooth muscles

319
Q

Where is smooth muscle normally located?

A

in blood vessels, bladder, GI

import an for BP control, GI movement, Respiration, reproduction

320
Q

What are the two subdivisions to the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

321
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

flight or fight response

uses norpepherherine

322
Q

What is the parasympatheic

A

conserves energy

takes body to resting

323
Q

What is the vagus nerve

A

uses acetylcholine

innervates thoracic and abdominal viserea

324
Q

What do the eyes do?

A

photons detect light energy takes it info to brain

325
Q

What does the sclera do?

A

thick, opaque layer cover eyeball , white of eye

326
Q

What is the choroid?

A

supply retina w/ blood
below sclera
reduces refelection in eye

327
Q

What is the retina

A

small area densely pack with cones
innermost layer
photoreceptors that sense light

328
Q

What is the cornea?

A

front, bends and focuses light

329
Q

What is the pupil

A

let light enter

330
Q

What is the iris?

A

control diameter
can be pigmented
responds to light intensity

331
Q

What is the lens>

A

Behind pupil
focus image on retina
focal length-controlled by cillary muscles

332
Q

What are photo receptors?

A

cones and rods

333
Q

What are cones

A

see Red, green, blue

incresase intensity illumination senstive to color

334
Q

What are rods

A

low intensity illumination

good for night

335
Q

What is the optic nerve>

A

bundle of ganglion cells
visuals inför to brain
we’re it exist blind spot

336
Q

What is the vitreous humor

A

jelly like

give shape and maintains properties of eye

337
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

Made by eye

exits through duct to blood

338
Q

What are a few eye disorders?

A

myopia-nearsighted
hyperopia-farsighted
astigmatis
glaucoma-inc pressure bc of blocking of the aqueous humor

339
Q

What is the outer ear?

A

Auricle and auditory canal

340
Q

Do protoza have a nervous system?

341
Q

Do cnidaria have a nervous system

A

Have a nerve net

simple nerovous system

342
Q

DO annelida have a nervous system?

A

prmative CNS

have ganglia, cell bodies, nerve cord,

343
Q

Do arthropoda have a nervous system?

A

similar to annelids

made some organs to do it such as simple eyes

344
Q

What is the respiration in protozoa and hydra

A

gas exchange through diffusion

345
Q

What is the reparation in annelids?

A

mucous on external surface allow diffusion

346
Q

What is the respiration for arthopoda

A

Tracheae- respiratiory tubules

Spiracles-access surface by hoeles

347
Q

How do human breath?

A

They inhale then gas exchange and exhale waste

348
Q

What is in inhalation?

A

diaphragm contracts and pushes against rib cage
allow lungs to expand
increase thoracic cavity

349
Q

What is exhalation

A

passive process
muscles relax
chest wall pushed inward

350
Q

Where does gas change occur?

A

pulmonary capillaries around aveoli

351
Q

How do cilia and flagella move?

A

use microtubles

flagella move by power stroke

352
Q

What is recovery stroke>

A

cilium and flagellum back to original postion

353
Q

How does the amoeba move?

A

pseudopodia,

354
Q

How do flat worms move?

A

hydrostatic skeletons- contract against incompressible fluid

355
Q

How do annelids move

A

can move individual segments

use hydrostatic skeleton

356
Q

What is setae

A

bristles in each segment

357
Q

What are the exoskeletons of arthropod?

A

Chitin secreted by epidermis

358
Q

What does cartilage do>

A

connect to tissue

359
Q

What is compact bone

A

dense bone no cavities

360
Q

What are osteons?

A

haversian system

deposited in structual units

361
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

less dense, interconnecting lattice of bony spices

362
Q

What are the differences of yellow and red bone marrow?

A

hello-inactive works with adipose tissue

red -cell formation

363
Q

What are osteoblasy

A

make bone matrix

364
Q

What are osteoclasy

A

break down bone

365
Q

How to make bone

A

intramembrances ossification of mesenchmal connective tissue

366
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

body framework

skull, rib cage

367
Q

What are appendicular skeleton?

A

Appendages

368
Q

What are sutures

A

immovebale joint

ex skull

369
Q

Whay are ligaments

A

movable joints

bone to bone

370
Q

What are tendons?

A

muscle to bon

371
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary movements
controlled by somatic
fibers multinucleated

372
Q

What are myofibrials

A

they go to screamers

covered by sarcomplasmic reticulum

373
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle fibers

374
Q

What is sarcolema

A

cell membrane
can start action potential
connected to T system

375
Q

What are sarcomere?

A

thin and thick filaments
thin-chains of actin molecules
thick mysolin

376
Q

What are z lines in sacromere>

A

define bounds for singale sarolmere

anchor thin filments

377
Q

What are the mine in sacromere

378
Q

What is 1 band?

A

region congaing ONLY thin filaments

379
Q

What is H zone?

A

thick filaments only

380
Q

What is A band?

A

entire length of thick filaments and overlapping of thin filaments

381
Q

What is smooth muscles?

A 
Involuntary
controlled by ANS
one central nucleus
no stiraitons
located: digestive, bladder, blood
382
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A

Heart
Strated in apperarnce: actin and myosin
general 1 or 2 local nuclei

383
Q

How do cnidarians digest?

A

secrete enyzmes

384
Q

How to annelids digest?

A

mouth and butt

spealized organs: intesting, gizzards

385
Q

How do arthropods digest?

A

similar to annelid

have jaws and salivary glands

386
Q

What is mastication

387
Q

What enzymes do saliva contain?

A

almylase

startch to maltose

388
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

protein hydro enzyme

HCL-kills bateria, dissolves food, activates certain proteins

389
Q

What is chyme?

A

acidic semi fulid semidiesseted

pushed thought 1st segment doudenum

390
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Complete chemical digestion

absorb with villi

391
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, illum, jujnum

392
Q

What does the vili do in the small intestine?

A

amino acids, sugar, use vessels of lymphatic system(capillarities and lacteus[fatty & glycerol)

393
Q

Where does the most digestion occur?

A

duodenum

secretion form liver, gallbadder, etc

394
Q

What does the mucosa secrete?

A

Lipases(fat digestion)
aminopeptidase(polypeptide)
dissacrada(sugar)

395
Q

What does the liver do?

A 
produce bile(stored in gallbladder)
emusifies fat
396
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A 
Secrete:
Amylase-carbs
Typsin-protein
vipase-fat
neurtalizes chyme
397
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

absorb salt and leftover H2O

398
Q

What is the digestive system in plants and fungi?

A

There isn’t one

399
Q

What does aerobic respiration, and deamination?

A

produces H2O CO2

Nitrogen waste made

400
Q

Where is metabolic wast excreted?

401
Q

How do protozoans and cnidarians excrete?

A

simple difussion

contractile vacules-used by H2O

402
Q

How do annelids excrete?

A

CO2 execrated by skin
Nephrida
2 pair
excrete h2o, salts, N waste by urea

403
Q

How do arthropods excrete?

A

Trachea-releases CO2
Uric acid crystals- n waste, allows h2o be conserved
malphigian tubluels-

404
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Head of sperm

Contains hydrolytic enzymes

405
Q

What are malphigian tubules?

A

salts nd acid accumulate and transported to intestine explled as solid waste

406
Q

What are kidneys composed of?

407
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney

A

outer cortex inner medulla, renal,pelvis

408
Q

What is the bowman campsule

A

nephron bulb, embraces golmerous, lead to tubele

409
Q

What are the 4 units of the tubule of kidney

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of hence, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

410
Q

What is the ureter?

A

empties into unitary bladder

411
Q

How does the urine get to the ureter?

A

tubules-pelvis-ureter

412
Q

What is the urethra

A

expells urine

413
Q

What are the peritubulary capillaries?

A

nephron surround by this

help absorbs: amino acid, sugar, etc

414
Q

What is the function of nephron?

A

reabsorbs nutrients

maintain blood concentration

415
Q

What is the osmolarity gradient

A

established bt tubule

urea & nacl matain gradient

416
Q

What keep osmolarity gradient in collecting tubulee?

A

Loop of henel: allows 99% of filtrate to be reabsorped

417
Q

What causes the kidney to be hyperosmolar?

A

countercurrent system effect the medium in the medulla

418
Q

What does hormone ADH do to collecting tubules?

A

regulates permeability of water with collecting tubule

419
Q

What does hormone ADH do to collecting duct?

A

inc permambility
allow H2O be reabsorbed
Urine to concretion to be formed

420
Q

What controls the simple reflexes?

A

spinal cord

421
Q

What signaling of the simple reflexes

A

two neurons from receptor(afferent) to motor(efferent)

422
Q

What are complex reflexes?

A

startle responds-alert signficate stimulus

423
Q

What controls complex reflexes

A

neural intergation at brainstem and cerebrum

424
Q

What are fixed action patterns?

A

complex, coordinated, innate(CANNOT be CHANGED)

425
Q

What is a releaser?

A

stimulus that make a behavior

426
Q

What are behavior cycle?

A

Daily-circadian rhythms

427
Q

What are environmental rhythms?

A

patters of behavior established and maintained

eg stop light

428
Q

What is habituation?

A

simplest learning patterns involving suppression of normal startle response

429
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

if stimulus not applied anymore the other respond will come back

430
Q

What is classic condition?

A

normal automatic.visceral response w/ an environment stimulus

431
Q

What is Palvlov experiments

A

used dogs with obituary stimuli to connect with innate resones

432
Q

What is unconfined stimulus

A

an establies innate reflex

433
Q

What is unconditioned respones

A

the respond that is naturally elicited

434
Q

What is a neurtol stimulus

A

will not make respones

435
Q

What is condition stimuli and reflex?

A

learned stimulus

436
Q

What is pseudocondutioning

A

neutral stimuli already gives response

437
Q

What did BF skinner do>

A

conditioning respones to stimuli with reward/reinfrocement

438
Q

What is habit family hierarchy>

A

several possible responses each different probability of occurrence

439
Q

What raises or lowers habit family hierarchy?

A

reward or punishment

440
Q

What is extinction in condition behavior?

A

gradual elimination of respond bc no reinforcement

441
Q

What is stimuli generalization?

A

condition organism respond to a similar sitmuli

442
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

able to respond differently to slightly different stimuli

443
Q

What is stimulus generalization gradient

A

stimuli further and further away from the original stimuli elicit response with dec magnitude

444
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Pattern & object leaned in develop organism become permeant element of behavior

445
Q

What is critical period?

A

in animals early development when it can mentally get specific patterns
needs proper environment

446
Q

What is visual period?

A

need intro to light or visual effectors work

447
Q

What is pecking order?

A

same species live together and dominate member over subordinate

448
Q

How much territory does a large population have?

449
Q

What are releaser pheromones

A

triger reversible behavioral changes in the recipient

e.g.: sex attractant or alarm

450
Q

What are primer pheromones

A

produce long term behavioral and physiological attraction in recipient animals
e.g.: limit sexual reproduction in areas of high animal density

451
Q

What is abiotic and biotic

A

abiotic-physical, climate

biotic-living

452
Q

What is population

A

organism living together in a location

453
Q

What is community?

A

different plants and animals interacting in similar enivorment

454
Q

What is ecosystem?

A

community and environment

living and nonliving

455
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

all planet life source

atomsphere, etc

456
Q

What is humus

A

quanitiy that is determined by amount of decaying plant and animal life in the soil

457
Q

What is a niche

A

function role of organism in system

458
Q

Who can share a niche?

A

NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME

459
Q

What is predation?

A

predators are free living organism that feed on other organismz

460
Q

What are scavengers?

A

animals that eat dead animals

no need to hunt or kill prey

461
Q

What is poilkilothermic?

A

coldblooded
energy escapes to environment
closer to the enviormnet temp

462
Q

What is homeothermic?

A

warmblooded
can use heat produced
hotter than environment

463
Q

Who are primary consumers?

A

animals that consume green plant

example cows, etc

464
Q

Who are secondary consumers?

A

carnivores

465
Q

Who is at the bottom of the food pyramid?

466
Q

What happens as you go up the food pyramid?

A

less energy, less mass, and few organism

467
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

nitrogen need building block
absorbed y plants
waste in ammonia

468
Q

What is the carbon cycle

A

plants use for glucose for photosynthesis

469
Q

What is cycling?

A

used to cycle material bw living system and environment

VERY CRITICAL

470
Q

What is climax community?

A

stable icing biotic part of the ecosystem

471
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

orderly process by which on biotic community replaces or succeeds another until a climax community established

472
Q

What is a sere?

A

community stage, makes ecological succession

473
Q

What is in a desert biome?

A

10 in or less rain

small animals and plants

474
Q

What is in the grassland biome?

A

low rain fall

no shelter for animals

475
Q

What is tropical rain forest biome?

A

Jungles
High temp and a lot of rain
dense vegatation
epiphytes and sacrophytes

476
Q

What is a epiphytes?

A

plants that grow on another plant

477
Q

What is in a temperate deciduous forest biome?

A

Cold, warm, and moderate rain
trees
e.g., East coast of america

478
Q

What is in temperate coniferous forest biome?

A

cold & dry
conserve H2O
eg USA north

479
Q

What is in the taiga Biome?

A

Little less H2O than temperate forest
long cold winters
ex Russia Canada

480
Q

What is in the tundra biome?

A

no trees
frozen
litte veg
short summer

481
Q

What is in the polar biome?

A

NOTHING

but a little it of animals and veg

482
Q

What is a marine biome?

A

oceans control earth temp

constant amount of nutrients and salt

483
Q

What is the intertidal zone?

A

low tides, dry

where the alge is

484
Q

Littoral zone

A

up 600 feet to the shore

small fish

485
Q

Pelagic zone

A

Open sea

Photic and aphotic zone

486
Q

What is Photic zone?

A

Sun light layer

sharks and plants

487
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

only hetertophs

VERY competitive

488
Q

Freshwater Biomes

A

Rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes
currents
effected by temp and climate

489
Q

What kind of solution do freshwater biomes have?

490
Q

Classification and subdivision order

A 
Kingdom
Phyla
Subphyla
Classes
Order
Families
Genus
Species
491
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plante, Animalia

492
Q

Are viruses consider a kingdom?

A

NO
not really living
can’t function outside host

493
Q

Monera

A

Prokaryotes-bacteria
no nucleus
single cell

494
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotes( plant and animals

no special tissues

495
Q

Fungi

A

No photsyhtetic plants
saprophytic. parasitic
chitin cell walls

496
Q

Plante

A

mutilcellular diff tissue
no mobility
photosynthesis

497
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular

moltile different tissues

498
Q

Cynobacteria

A

Monera
live in freshwater and marine
cell wall & photosynthesis pigments
no flagella, nucleus, etc

499
Q

Other Bacteria

A

Single cell with DNA loop

cell walls

500
Q

Cocci

501
Q

Bacilli

502
Q

Spirilla

503
Q

other morphological apprences of bacteria

A

duplexes, clustors, chains

504
Q

Protozoa

A

Protista
single cell heterotorphs
rhizopods-ameoba
ciliphors- use cilia for food and movement

505
Q

Algae

A

Protista

Primary organism for photosynthesis

506
Q

Protist resemble fungi

A

example Slime mold

arranged with many nuclei

507
Q

Eukaryotes

A 
Fungi
mutilcellular
hetertophs
saprophytic
axsecual
508
Q

Metazoa: Tissues

A

They different in tissues, organ, organ system

509
Q

Metazoa: Alimentation

A

they ingest, digest, & eliminate remains

except: some parasites

510
Q

Metazoa: Locomotion

A

creat current to trap food

get around, mate selection, reproduction

511
Q

Metazoa: symmetry

A

Bilateral

except Echinoderms and Cnidarians

512
Q

Metazoa: Nervous System

A

receive stimuli and control actions

use certain organs

513
Q

Metazoa: Chemical- Coordinating System

A

Secreate hormones fro homeostasis with help of nervous system

514
Q

Porifera

A 
Animalia
Sponges
2 layer of cells
sessil
low cell specialization
515
Q

Cnidarians

A

Animalia
Gastrovascular cavity
2 layer of cells-ecto and endoderm

516
Q

Cnidarians special features

A

tenticales
net nerve
sting cells

517
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

used in cnidarians

digestive sac sealed at one end

518
Q

Mollusca

A 
Soft bodied excret calcereous exoskeleton
breaht ingills
chambered hear
blood sinus 
ventral nerve chord
519
Q

ARthopoda

A

Jointed appenges
Chitin
3 open Cirulartory
3 classes

520
Q

3 Classes of Arthopoda

A

Insects, Arachnids, Crustatens

521
Q

Insects

A

3 pairs of legs, spiracles, tracheal tubes

522
Q

Arachnids

A

4 pairs of legs
book lungs
eg spiders, scorpians

523
Q

Crustatens

A

Segmented body
# of appendages caries
got gills
ex shrimp, lobster

524
Q

Echinodrms

A 
Spiny
Radical Symmetry
H20 vascular system
reginerate parts
eg starfish
525
Q

Chordates

A

Notochord
have gill slits and tail at some point
Lacelets and tunicates: not vertebrates

526
Q

Vertebrates

A

Most advance
bone
Bony vertebrate replace notochord
Skull

527
Q

Types of Vertebrates

A 
Fish
Amphibia
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
528
Q

Fish

A

2 chamber heart

gills use external environment to repoduce

529
Q

Jawless fish

A

Eel like
cartilge skeleton
eg lamprey

530
Q

Cartilgionous Fish

A

Jaw and teeth
reduced notochord
semented verebrae
eg shark

531
Q

Bony Fish

A 
Most prevelant
scales
lack notochord
cartilage to bone
eg tuna, trout
532
Q

Amphibia

A

lavre: tadpole, gills, tails & no legs
Live on land
Lungs, legs, 3 chamber heart
exteranl fertilization

533
Q

Reptiales

A 
Terestrial Animals
Breaht Air
Lay hard eggs
internal fertilation
poilkiothemic
3 chamber heart
eg turtle, snake
534
Q

Birds

A

4 chamber heart
homeothermic
lay eggs in shell

535
Q

Mamals

A

Homeothermic

Feed offspring with milk

536
Q

Mammals: Marsuoluls

A

pouched animals
embryo grow in uterus
complete growth in pouch

537
Q

Mammals: Placenta Mammals

A

embryo grow fully in uterus
placenta attacehs to embyro
ex bat, man

538
Q

Pertification fossils

A

minerals replace cells of organism

539
Q

Imprint Fossils

A

Impression left

e.g. foot print

540
Q

Mold Fossils

A

form hallow spaces of rock

541
Q

Cast fossils

A

Mineral depostis in mold

542
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar structures same origins

wings of bat, flippers of whale and arm of men

543
Q

Analogous structures

A

similar functions with different origins

e.g. wings of a fly with wings of a bird

544
Q

Comparatice Embryology

A

stages of development reseml organism evolutionary history

545
Q

Comparative Biochemistry

A

Similar metabolic processes

546
Q

Vestiigial structures

A

appear to be useless but apparently had some ancestral function

547
Q

Purpose of migration

A

dec intraspecific competiviton

548
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

genetic difference will reach a point where successful interbreeding becomes impossible with population if barriers were removed

549
Q

Parsimony

A

Least complex expiation of evolution

550
Q

Lamarckian evolution

A

DISCRETED!
new organs and stuff cam bc organism needed them
inheritance of aqcuired characteristics

551
Q

Darwin: Over population

A

more offspring produce than can survive

552
Q

Darwin: Variations

A

Offspring natural different than parents ; Darwin didn’t know the source

553
Q

De Vries

A

Suggested mutations are the cause of variations in offspring

554
Q

Darwin: Competiton

A

develop population compete for necessities

young die, but adults stay constant

555
Q

Darwin: Natural Selection

A

Survival of fittest

variations that give advantages over other species

556
Q

Darwin: Inheritance of variations

A

with favorable variation reproduce and pass on genes

557
Q

Darwin: Evouliton of New species

A

Many generation of natural selections
eventually make new species
eg: insects resisatance to inspecticide

558
Q

Gene pool

A

sum of total alleles for any given trait in population

559
Q

Gene frequence

A

fraction that represents the presence of allele for members of gene loci

560
Q

What does p and q mean?

A

P-frequence of dominate alle

q- fréquence of récessive allele

561
Q

Hardy- Weinberg principle

A

Change gene frequences explan evolution

562
Q

5 conditions of population for hardy weinberg principle

A
  1. Population is very large
  2. there are no mutations that affect the gene pool
  3. Mating between individuals in pollution is random
    There is no net migration of individuals into or out of the population
  4. The genes in the population are equally successful at reproducing
563
Q

Equation for Hardy Weinberg

A

p + q = 1

p^2+ 2pq+ q^2=1

564
Q

What does p^2 mean in hardy weinberg

A

frequency of dominante homozygotes

565
Q

What does 2pq mean in hardy weinberg?

A

frequency of heterozygoters

566
Q

What does q^2 mean in hardy weinberg?

A

frequency of recessive homozygotes

567
Q

Microevolution

A

the truth that of populations be hardy weinberg is impossible

568
Q

Mircoevolution: Natural Selection

A

Favorable genotypes

fréquence inc in gene pool

569
Q

Microevouliton: Genetic Drfit

A

change in composition due to gene pool due to chance

570
Q

Mircoevolution: Assortive Mating

A

If mate chosen, by phenotype and proximity
will effect ratio of genotype
usually allele frequency stay constant

571
Q

Microevolution: Mutation

A

change frequency

shift equlibria

572
Q

Microevoultion: Gene Flow

A

Migrate bw population loss in/gain of gene

change composition of population gene pool

573
Q

Speciation

A

evolution of new species by group that can interbreed freely but not with other members of the species

574
Q

Speciation: Deme

A

small local poluaitons
they really resemble each other
eg beavers

575
Q

Speciation: Development of New species

A

when species can’t mate anymore
make a new species
due to gentic variation, chang in enviroment, etc

576
Q

Speciation: Evolutionary History

A

Dissimilar special evolved form common ancestor

ex: convergent, parallel, adpative raditaion

577
Q

Speciation: Isolation

A

Caused by geographic isolation
no gene flow
changes will eventually cause a new species and mating with the other group is impossible

578
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

short fragments from dis continuous synthesis

579
Q

What is vascular cambium?

A

Makes secondary xylem and phloem

Helps sustain planet growth laterally

580
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

Makes woody part of plant

Give plant support with structure laterally.

581
Q

Rhizomes

A

Stems that are underground that can make more sprouts and roots for the plant.

582
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

Hinders the roots of vascular plants

Increase surface area of roots: so more nutrients and water absorption.

583
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Break down bone

Stimulated by Parathyroid hormone

584
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Build bone

Secrete collagen

585
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Single nucleus
Striated
Complex junctions that have intercalated disk between them
Involuntary

586
Q

What is skeleton muscle?

A

Multinucleated
Voluntary
Striated

587
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A 
Single uncleared
Involuntary
Non striated
Has myosin and actin
Found in bladder, digestive system, blood vessels etc
588
Q

What is acrosome in sperm?

A

It is fast black to stop polyspermy.

Changes membrane potential.

589
Q

What are cortical granules?

A

Stop polyspermy

Enzyme released to harden out Katy so no more sperm can enter.

590
Q

What type of cells does xylem contain?

A

Teachers and vessel members

591
Q

What makes annual growth rings in plants?

A

Xylem deposits

592
Q

What does phloem contain?

A

Sieve tubes which sugars and other solutes conducted

593
Q

What are the hardy Weinberg assumptions?

A

No isolation, net migration, mutation, natural selection, no change in gene pool

594
Q

Where does sperm maturation take place?

A

Epididymis

DAT (4 decks)

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