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Chemistry Extension > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What do compounds in a homologous series have in common

A

Similar chemical properties

Physical properties change gradually as the compounds increase in size

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2
Q

What is the general formula of an alkanes and give an example

A

CnH2n+2

Butane has four Carbon atoms so has 10 hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene and give an example

A

CnH2n

Methene C2H4

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4
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol and give a example

A

CnH2n+1OH

Ethanol - C2H5OH

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5
Q

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid and give an example

A

CnH2n+1COOH

Ethanoic acid CH3COOH

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6
Q

Describe the process of making ethanol through fermentation

A

Glucose ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Glucose (generally from sugar cane or sugar beet) is fermented with yeast in ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS to produce ethanol

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7
Q

Why do you have to fractionally distill ethanol produced from fermentation

A

Because it is a dilute solution so to make it more concentrated you have to evaporate it off and leave the water behind as it has a lower boiling point than water

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8
Q

Why is fermentation to make alcohol a good method

A

Renewable

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9
Q

What are the negatives of using fermentation to make alcohol

A

Expensive

Quality isn’t great before fractionally distilling

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10
Q

Name and Describe the other method used to make ethanol other than fermentation

A

Reacting ethene with stream produces ethanol

It’s a cheap process at the minute

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11
Q

Negatives of alcohol

A

Increase reaction time
Dehydration to brain cells which can cause tumours
Liver disease
Violent behaviour
Increase irresponsible sexual behaviour
Drink driving
Increased economic costs for NHS, police officers etc

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12
Q

How is vinegar made

A

Ethanol + oxygen —–> vinegar + water

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13
Q

What is formed when carboxylic acid reacts with a metal

A

Hydrogen + metal ethanoate

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14
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acid reacts with a base

A

Metal ethanoate and water

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15
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of compounds with the same general formula

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16
Q

What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate

A

Metal ethanoate and carbon dioxide and water

17
Q

What is the functional group of an ester

A

-coo-

18
Q

How is an ester formed

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid —-> ester + water

C2H5OH + CH3COOH —> CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

19
Q

What are esters used for and why

A

Perfumes and flavourings as they often smell fruity and sweet
Polyesters in plastics and clothing
As they are lighter and cheaper and can be recycled

20
Q

What are soaps made from and describe the process of how they work

A

Esters and an alkali
Fats and oils are types of esters
The far and oil break down into glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids which react with the alkali to produce salt and water
Soaps are just sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids

21
Q

What do soap molecules form in water

A

Soap anions (negative ions)

22
Q

What is the hydrophillic head of the soap anion

A

Water loving
Dissolves in water
Small and ionic

23
Q

What is the hydrophobic part of the anion for

A

Hates water, loves oil

Gets into the grease

24
Q

Properties of unsaturated oils

A

Have at least one double bond

Are less viscous

25
Q

How are liquid unsaturated oils turned into solid saturated fats

A

Breaking the double bond and adding hydrogen

26
Q

What is given to the process of forming a saturated fat

A

Catalytic hydrogenation

27
Q

What is used to make marg

A

Polyunsaturated veg oils

28
Q

Why is margarine still soft

A

Not all the double bonds are broken so it’s still soft but because some of them are broken it’s lower in saturates

Chemistry Extension (5 decks)

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