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Physical Science > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Organic Chemistry

A

The study of all compunds originally produced by living organisms, consisting mainly out of hydrocarbons

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2
Q 
Give the first part of each compounds name according to the number of carbon atoms it contains.
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 - 
8 -
9 -
10 -
A 
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec
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3
Q

Define the term “homologous series”

A

A family of similar compounds with similar properties due to the same functional group

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4
Q

Name the four groups in the homologous series

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids

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5
Q

Describe how one would identify an Alkane

A

Single bond between carbon atoms

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6
Q

Describe how one would identify an Alkene

A

1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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7
Q

Describe how one would identify an Alcohol

A

Hydroxide (OH) present in structure

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8
Q

Describe how one would identify a Carboxylic Acid

A

Double bond with oxygen and single bond with hydroxide present in structure

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9
Q

State the properties of Alkanes

A
  • Unreactive

- Saturated (Maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms)

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10
Q

State the properties of Alkenes

A
  • More reactive

- Unsaturated

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11
Q

State the properties of Alcohols

A
  • Functional group OH
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12
Q

State the properties of Carboxylic Acids

A
  • Functional group COOH

- Functional group can only be at the end of the molecular chain

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13
Q

State the products of a) complete and b) incomplete combustion

A

a) Carbon Dioxide and Water

b) Carbon Monoxide and Water

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14
Q

Define “Cracking” and give an example of the process

A

The chemical process of breaking down large molecules into smaller, more usefull molecules.
The alkanes in diesel oils can be cracked to obtain more usefull petroleum molecules

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15
Q

Give the two products formed when ethane is cracked

A

Ethene and hydrogen gas

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16
Q

Name the product formed when ethene and hydrogen reacts in an addition reaction, and also state the name of the reaction

A

Ethane

This reaction is reffered to as “hardening”

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17
Q

State one use of hardening

A

Changing unsaturated vegetable oils into margerine

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18
Q

State the conditions for hardening

A

Temperature above 180 degrees and nickel must be used as a catalyst

19
Q

Name the product formed when ethene and water reacts

A

Ethanol

20
Q

Describe what happens during hardening

A

The double bond between the carbon atoms in ethene is broken, opening up two more spaces for hydrogen atoms to bond, forming ethane

21
Q

State the conditions under which ethene and water can react to form ethanol

A
  • Temperature of 300 degrees
  • Pressure of 70 Pa
  • Sulphuric acid as a catalyst
22
Q

Name the product formed when bromine reacts with ethene

A

Bromoethene

23
Q

Describe how one would distinguish between an alkane and an alkene using bromine

A

The orange colour of bromine disappears when it reacts with an alkene, due to the fact that an alkene is unsaturated. When an alkane is shaken with bromine, the orange colour remains as all alkanes are saturated

24
Q

Name the catalyst used in polymerisation

A

Ziegler Catalyst

25
Q

Describe four properties of the industrial manufacturing of ethanol (Reaction of steam and ethene)

A

The process is continuous
Produces pure ethanol
Uses crude oil
Produced in large volumes cheaply

26
Q

Name the two products required to form glucose during fermentation, and also name the catalyst used

A

Water and sucrose

Catalyst: Yeast

27
Q

Name the two products formed when liquid glucose is broken up using yeast as a catalyst

A

Ethanol & carbon dioxide

28
Q

State three conditions for fermentation

A
  • Glucose must be in a solution
  • Temperature must be below 40 degrees
  • Yeast must be used as a catalyst
29
Q

Explain why the temperature must be kept below 40 degrees during fermentation

A

Yeast will denature when exposed to temperatures above 40 degrees

30
Q

Give four properties of the process of fermentation

A
  • Batch process
  • Produces impure alcohol
  • Uses renewable resources
  • Produces small volumes
31
Q

Give two uses of ethanol

A
  • Solvent

- Fuel

32
Q

True or false:

Ethanol supports combustion

A

True

33
Q

Name the product formed when ethanol (formed during fermentation) comes into contact with atmospheric oxygen

A 
Ethanoic Acid (Vinegar)
(C2H5OH + O2 = CH3COOH + H2O)
34
Q

State why fermentation should be carried out in a closed container

A

If the container is not closed, the ethanol will come into contact with atmospheric oxygen and will slowly be oxidised into ethanioc acid.

35
Q

State why wine sometimes tastes sour after a prolonged period of exposure to air

A

Oxygen in the air will slowly react with the ethanol in the wine (this process is known as oxidation), which will result in the formation of ethanoic acid, which is what vinegar is made of. This will give the wine a sour taste

36
Q

State three properties of fossil fuels

A
  • Formed in the remains of ancient buried animals
  • Oil, petroleum and natural gas are examples
  • Contain a percentages of hydrocarbons
37
Q

State two properties of natural gases

A
  • Collects above ground in oil deposits

- Methane is the main constituent

38
Q

Define refining

A

The process of converting into more usefull substances. This process involves fractional distillation and cracking.

39
Q

Define a polymer

A

Giant, long chained molecule made up of a large number of smaller molecules joined together

40
Q

Define a synthetic polymer

A

Substances such as plastics, nylon and Terylene

41
Q

Define polymerisation

A

The chemical process by which monomers join together to form a polymer.

42
Q

Define the process of addition polymerisation

A

Addition reactions between unsaturated monomers

43
Q

Define polyethene

A

Polymer formed by up to 50 000 ethene molecules

Physical Science (7 decks)

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