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Chem > organic chemistry 2 (lesson 3 - 5) > Flashcards

organic chemistry 2 (lesson 3 - 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some signs of complete combustion?

A

blue flame, its smokeless, soot less, and give off more heat

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2
Q

What are the signs of incomplete combustion?

A

yellow and orange flames, smoke and soot, less heat.

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3
Q

what are the products for an incomplete combustion reaction?

A

carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
In addition to water and energy

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4
Q

what forms of petroleum are there?

A

natural gas, crude oil and oil sand deposits

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5
Q

what are petrochemicals used in?

A

the production of plastics

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6
Q

what types of natural gas are there?

A

two types:
1. Sweet - little to no sulfur
2. sour - has sulfur: H₂S (extremely toxic), sulfur oxides (acide deposition)

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7
Q

What is the process of sulfur extraction called? and what happens

A

clause process

Burning: Some of the hydrogen sulfide is burned with oxygen. This creates a gas called sulphur dioxide and water.

Mixing: The remaining hydrogen sulfide is mixed with the sulfur dioxide gas. They react together to form solid sulfur.

Collecting: The solid sulfur is separated from the gas mixture and collected.

Cleaning: The leftover gas is treated to remove any remaining hydrogen sulfide.

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8
Q

What is natural gas mostly comprised of?

A

mostly methane with some ethane and propane.

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9
Q

How is a crude mixture separated (purified)?

A

fractional distillation

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10
Q

How/why does fractional distillation work?

A
  • because of the different boiling points of the components of crude oil.
  • The lighter the molecule and the lower the boiling point, the higher it rises in the tower.
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11
Q

What is Solvent extraction?

A

Solvent extraction uses a solvent to selectively dissolve/remove an impurity or to separate useful products

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12
Q

What are the two types of reactions in petroleum refining?

A

Cracking - Breaks long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller units
* cracking requires heat and pressure
* There are many different types of cracking reactions, forming different products (alkanes, alkenes)
* Hydrocracking REQUIRES H₂ (g)

Reforming - small hydrocarbons are joined to make larger molecules and increase branching
* requires heat and pressure
* There are several; types of reforming reactions; one of which is alkylation to produce “high octane” gasoline
* all reforming reactions PRODUCE H₂ (g)

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13
Q

What are the main points for fractional distillation and solvent extraction?

A
  • Fractional distillation and solvent extraction is a process that can be used to separate an organic compound from a natural mixture
  • Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum) uses the principle of varying boiling points for separation
  • Solvent extraction is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids. We add a liquid to a mixture and the organic compound “repels it” and separates.
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14
Q

why does the boiling point higher for larger alkanes?

A

When an Alkane is larger the strength of the LD forces is greater between molecules because of the greater amount of electrons.

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15
Q

organic halides characteristics

A
  • organic compounds where hydrogen has been replaced by one or more halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
  • can be nonpolar or polar (soluble or insoluble)
  • toxic and dangerous
  • increased substitutions cause greater LDF between molecules, thereby increasing BP
  • BP increases if substitutions are halogens from lower in the group (larger atoms)
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16
Q

Characteristics of substitution reactions

A

Substitution reactions:
* add X₂ to produce R-X + H-X, X represents halogen ion
* almost always requires uv light, catalysts,
* Usually has a reactant with single bonds only.
* Halogen coefficient -> how many H’s are replaced

17
Q

characteristics of addition reactions

A

Addition reactions:
* A double or triple bond in an alkene or alkyne is broken and a group or element is added ( a catalyst is present)
* There are four types of addition reactions
* Adding X₂, HX, H-OH, H₂

18
Q

What happens in an elimination/alcohol reaction?

A
  • alcohol forms an alkene plus water
  • opposite of addition reactions
  • organic halides can react with a base (OH) to produce an alkene, halide ion and water
19
Q

what are the three types of alcohols and what is their diagram?

A

O - H O - H O - H
| | |
R - C - H R - C - H R - C - R
| | |
H R R
Primary Alcohol Secondary Alcohol Tertiary Alcohol

20
Q

What is an unusual case for naming alcohols

A
  • OH
    |
    / \
    |O |
    \ /
    Phenol (benzene ring with OH)
21
Q

What is the formula for organic halides?

A

R - X
where R is the ring
and X is the halogen

22
Q

what are the uses for organic halides?

A

DDT, PCB, CFC
anesthetics
dry cleaning fluid
plastics, polymers

23
Q

Types of addition reactions

A
  1. Halogenation (adding X₂)
  2. Hydrohalogenation (adding HX)
    * often more than one possibliity is present in many cases, because of the asymmetrical way that HX adds
  3. Hydration (adding H-OH)
    * also often more than one possibility!
  4. Hydrogenation (adding H2)
24
Q

characteristics/properties of alcohols

A
  • formula: R-OH
  • Have much higher BP’s than corresponding aliphatics because of hydrogen bonding
  • polar
  • the -OH end of the alcohol is polar while the carbon chain end is not therefore small alcohols are soluble in water and large alcohols are not.
25
Q

what are the characteristics of combustion reactions?

A
  • Occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen
  • Products are always carbon dioxide and water
  • These are economically important exothermic reactions that produce thermal energy required for fueling our vehicles, heating our homes, and producing electricity
26
Q

Characteristics of incomplete combustion reactions

A
  • These reactions may produce carbon monoxide and soot or any combination of CO₂, CO, C, in addition to water and energy
27
Q

Most of the petroleum is refined and then burned as…

A

fuel

28
Q

How can Bitumen be removed from oil sands?

A
  • Through solvent extraction
  • based on different polarities, water can be separated from bitumen as like dissolved like.
29
Q

formula of functional groups and what they might contain?

A
  • may contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, halogens, hydrocarbons
  • formula: R - X
30
Q

uses of alcohols

A

antifreeze, rubbing alcohol, beverages, moistening agents

Chem (16 decks)

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