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AH Chemistry > Organic chemistry - 2 > Flashcards

Organic chemistry - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a haloalkane?

A

saturated compounds with one or more hydrogens replaced by halogen atoms (e.g F, Cl, Br, I)

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2
Q

what are the three classes of monohaloalkanes?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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3
Q

what are the rules for naming a haloalkane?

A
  • halogen atom ( more than one - di, tri, tetra)
  • name of compound based on longest unbranched chain
  • show position
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4
Q

what type of reaction will haloalkanes undergo?

A

nucleophilic substitution reactions

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5
Q

Haloalkane + alkali -> ?

A

alcohol (+salt)

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6
Q

haloalkane + cyanide -> ?

A

nitrile (+salt)

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7
Q

haloalkane + alkoxide -> ?

A

ether (+salt)

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8
Q

how is an alkoxide made?

A

alcohol + alkali metal -> metal alkoxide + hydrogen

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9
Q

what are the steps of a nucleophilic substitution reaction of tertiary and some secondary haloalkanes?

A

step 1 - slow formation of carbocation

step 2 - fast attack by nucleophile

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10
Q

what type of reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction of tertiary and some secondary haloalkanes?

A

Sn1

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11
Q

what type of reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction of primary and some secondary haloalkanes?

A

Sn2

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12
Q

what are the steps of a nucleophilic substitution reaction of primary and some secondary haloalkanes?

A

step 1- slow attack by nucleophile

step 2 - formation of intermediate

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13
Q

what helps to stabilise Sn1 reactions?

A

alkyl groups around the cation

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14
Q

what is the term used to describe the stability in Sn1 reactions?

A

inductive stabilisation

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15
Q

what allows the nucleophile to attack in Sn2 reactions?

A

absence of bulky alkyl groups

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16
Q

which type of haloalkane has the most stable carbocation?

A

tertiary

17
Q

what is reduced in Sn2 reactions?

A

steric hindrance

18
Q

haloalkane + base -> ?

A

alkene

19
Q

what catalyst is used in an elimination reaction to produce an alkene

A

KOH in ethanol

20
Q

what makes up an sp2 orbital?

A

one s + two p orbitals

21
Q

unhybridised p orbitals are ? to the plane of the molecule

A

perpendicular

22
Q

what is a π (pi) bond?

A

sideways overlap of two parallel atomic orbitals

23
Q

what is a C-C bond made of?

A

1σ

24
Q

what is a C=C bond made of?

A

1σ + 1π

25
Q

what is a C-C triple bond made of?

A

1σ + 2π

26
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

same molecular formula, different structure

27
Q

what is a stereoisomer?

A
  • identical molecular formula
  • atoms bonded together in same order
  • different arrangement of atoms in space
28
Q

in terms of shape, stereoisomers are described as being ?

A

non-superimposable

29
Q

what is a geometric isomer?

A

stereoisomers due to lack of free rotation around a bond

30
Q

what is the term used to describe when atoms are on the same side of double bond in a geometric isomer?

A

cis

31
Q

why would a geometric isomer be described as trans?

A

atoms are across the double bond

32
Q

do geometric isomers have similar or different physical properties?

A

different physical properties (eg B.P)

33
Q

name four alkene addition reactions

A
  • hydrogenation
  • halogenation
  • hydrohalogenation
  • hydration
34
Q

hydrogenation: alkene + ? -> ?

A

alkene + hydrogen -> alkane

35
Q

halogenation: alkene + ? -> ?

A

alkene + halogen -> dihaloalkane

36
Q

hydrohalogenation: alkene + ? -> ?

A

alkene + hydrogen halide -> monohaloalkane

37
Q

what is markovnikovs rule?

A

hydrogen adds onto the carbon that already has the larger number of hydrogens

38
Q

Hydration: alkene + ? -> ?

A

alkene + water -> alcohol

39
Q

what is the catalyst needed fro hydration?

A

acid catalyst: c.H2SO4

AH Chemistry (8 decks)

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