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Chemistry flashcards > Organic chemistry 2 (12) > Flashcards

Organic chemistry 2 (12) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name there 5 types of organic compounds

A 
Aliphatic saturated 
Aliphatic unsaturated 
Alicyclic
Aromatic 
Heterocyclic
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2
Q

What are aliphatic compounds ?

A

Compounds containing an open chain of carbon atoms

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3
Q

What is an alicyclic compound ?

A

A compound containing a ring of saturated carbon atoms

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4
Q

What is an aromatic compound ?

A

A compound that Contain a ring where all the atoms are unsaturated

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5
Q

What is a heterocyclic compound ?

A

A compound that contain a ring made up of carbon and at least one other element such as N, S or O.

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6
Q

Name two examples of saturated aliphatic compounds

A

Ethane

Ethyl alcohol

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7
Q

Name two examples of unsaturated aliphatic compounds

A

Ethene

Ethyne

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8
Q

Name two examples of alicyclic compounds

A

Cyclobutane

Cyclohexane

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9
Q

Name two examples of aromatic compounds

A

Benzene

Aniline

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10
Q

Name three examples of heterocyclic compounds

A

Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
Epoxide

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11
Q

What about a molecule does its functional group determine ?

A

gives its characteristic chemical properties
acts as a site of chemical reactivity
serves as the basis for nomenclature
classifies its family

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12
Q

What is the general structure of a thiol ?

A

R-SH

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13
Q

What is a thiol group also known as ?

A

Mercapto

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14
Q

What is the general formula for a sulfide ?

A

R-S-R

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15
Q

What is the general formula for an ether ?

A

R-O-R

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16
Q

What shape is a s orbital ?

A

Spherical

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17
Q

Which orbital has a higher energy s or p orbitals ?

A

The p-orbital

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18
Q

What shape is a p orbital ?

A

Dumb-bell shape

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19
Q

Name two properties of the node of the p orbital

A

There is no electron density at the node

The nodal plane passes through the nucleus

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20
Q

How many 3 p orbitals are in each shell ?

A

3 p orbitals in the same shell

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21
Q

What process enables carbon to for 4 bonds ?

A

Hybridisation

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22
Q

Describe hybridisation of carbon

A

One of the 2s electrons can be promoted into the vacant p orbital.
Requires energy input
Favourable because of decreased electron-electron repulsion.

The 2s and 2p orbitals now mix to form various hybrid atomic orbitals.

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23
Q

Name four properties of hybrid orbitals

A

Hold electrons closer to nucleus

The bond becomes shorter therefore stronger.

More directional, so they have more effective bonding interactions.

The more s-character in an orbital, the lower the energy. – increased stability of an electron in that orbital.

24
Q

What orbital combinations can form sigma bonds ?

A

s-s,
p-p,
s-p,
or hybridized orbitals.

25
Q

How is a sigma bond get formed

A

Formed but a direct overlap

Where the electron density is along the line of the bond

26
Q

What energy change does the formation of a sigma bond cause ?

A

The bonding molecular orbitals to be at a lower energy level

27
Q

Are sigma bonds symmetrical ?

A

Yes with respect to rotation

Rotation of 180 degrees

28
Q

Describe the bonding in ethane in terms of orbitals

A

Each of the carbons (2) uses 3 sp3 orbitals to bond to 3 hydrogens
The remaining sp3 orbital on each carbon overlaps to form the carbon-carbon bond.

29
Q

How are pi bonds formed ?

A

formed by “parallel” overlap of p orbitals.

Where the electron density is above and below the plane of the bond

30
Q

What forms first pi or sigma bonds ?

A

Sigma forms then pi bonds form

31
Q

What bonds are weaker pi or sigma bonds ?

& why

A

Pi bonds are weaker / More easily broken

Because pi bonds are higher in energy than sigma bonds

32
Q

What bonds does a double bonds between two carbons contain ?

A

A pi and sigma bonds

33
Q

What bonds to triple bonds between to carbons contain ?

A

A sigma bond and two pi bonds.

34
Q

What bonds are found within a Benzene ring ?

A

Pi bonds

Which delocalises the electrons in a ring above and below the plane

35
Q

Which bonds single , double or triple has the ;
Higher energy ?
Highest bond length ?

A

Highest energy - c triple bond c

Highest bond length - c single bond c

36
Q

What is the bond angle of sp3 hybridisation ?

A

109.5

37
Q

What is the bond angle of sp2 hybridisation ?

A

120

38
Q

What is the bond angle of sp hybridisation ?

A

180

39
Q

What orbitals are involved bonding between carbons in sp3 hybridisation ?

A

Sp3-sp3

40
Q

What orbitals are involved in bonding between carbons sp2 hybridisation ?

A

Sp2-sp2

P-p

41
Q

What orbitals are involved in bonding between carbons sp hybridisation ?

A

Sp-sp

P-p

42
Q

What is the chemical name for ethanoic acid ?

A

Acetic acid

43
Q

What is the chemical name for propanone ?

A

Acetone

44
Q

What is the chemical name for ethanoyl chloride ?

A

Acetyl chloride

45
Q

What is the chemical name for methanal ?

A

Formaldehyde

46
Q

What is the chemical name for ethanal?

A

Acetaldehyde

47
Q

What is the chemical name for methanoic acid ?

A

Formic acid

48
Q

What is a hybrid atomic orbital ?

A

A combination of atomic orbitals from the same atom

49
Q

What is a molecular orbital ?

A

A combination of atomic orbitals
Or
hybrid atomic orbitals
From different atoms

50
Q

What is linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)

A

That orbitals combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals

51
Q

Name three hybrid atomic orbitals

A

Sp sp2 sp3

52
Q

Name four molecular orbitals

A

Sigma
Sigma *
Pi
Pi *

53
Q

Describe sp3 hybridisation

A

All four atomic orbitals combine to give the same number of new hybrid atomic orbitals.
All four sp3 orbitals are equivalent with the same energy (degenerate).
Orbitals point towards the corners of a tetrahedron.
Overlap produces sigma bonds.
Used for bonding in saturated compounds

54
Q

Describe sp2 hybridisation

A

The s and two p orbitals combine to give the three new hybrid atomic orbitals.
The 3rd p orbital is unchanged.
sp2 orbitals point towards the corners of a triangle.
Used for sigma bonding
The p orbital is perpendicular to them.
Used for pi bonding
sp2 hybridisation is used for bonding in
alkenes, carbonyls and aromatic rings

55
Q

Describe sp hybridisation

A

The s and one p orbital combine to give the two new hybrid atomic orbitals.
The other two p orbitals are unchanged.
sp orbitals are at 180o to one another (linear molecule).
Used for sigma bonding
The p orbitals are perpendicular to them.
Used for pi bonding
sp hybridisation is used for bonding in alkynes and nitriles.

Chemistry flashcards (3 decks)

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