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Chemistry - S2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that all have:

  • The same general formula
  • Similar Chemical properties
  • Graduation in physical properties
  • Differ by one CH2 unit
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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A reactive group in an organic molecule?

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3
Q

What is the prefix for each chemical with a different number of carbon atoms (1-4)

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

Fractional distillation?

A

Look in book (10/3/25)

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the colour and state of all alkanes

A

Colourless gas

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8
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with one carbon atom?

A

Methane
CH4
Look in book

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9
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with two carbon atoms?

A

Ethane
C2H6
Look in book

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10
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with three carbon atoms?

A

Propane
C3H8
Look in book

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11
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with 4 carbon atoms?

A

Butane
C4H10
Look in Book

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12
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All the carbon-carbon bonds are single

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13
Q

What is the complete combustion of an alkane in unlimited and limited oxygen?

A

Alkane + Unlimited Oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + Heat energy

Alkane + Limited Oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + Heat energy

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14
Q

Symbol equation for complete and Incomplete combustion of ethane?

A

Complete: C2H6 + 3.5O2 —> 2CO2 + 3H2O

Incomplete: C2H6 + 2.5O2 —> 2CO + 3H2O

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15
Q

Name four atmospheric pollutants?

A

Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Soot
Sulfure dioxide

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16
Q

Explain how CO2 pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

Greenhouse gas which warms the earth’s surface by absorbing infrared radiation

Causing climate change and raising sea levels

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17
Q

Explain how CO pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through incomplete combustion of fuels.

Toxic gas which combines with haemoglobin in the blood reducing its ability to carry oxygen

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18
Q

Explain how soot pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through incomplete combustion of fuels

Pollutes the air and causes lung damage / respiratory problems

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19
Q

Explain how sulfur dioxide pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through burning fuels that contain sulfur.

Reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulphurous acid which falls as acid rain.

Can damage building (especially limestone) , kills vegetation and kills fish.

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20
Q

What is a alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon that contain a double carbon-carbon bond
They are saturated

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21
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for ethene?

A

2 carbon atoms
C2H4
Look in Book

23
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for propène?

A

3 carbon atoms
C3H6
Look in book

24
Q

How many bonds does one carbon atom have in total?

25
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for but-1-ene?

A

4 carbon atoms
C4H8
Look in book

26
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for but-2-ene?

A

4 carbon atoms
C4H8
Look in book

27
Q

What colour and state are all alkenes?

A

Colourless gas

28
Q

Diagram of apparatus to collect products of a combustion reaction?

A

Look in book
- trough
- cold water
- u-tube
- limewater in test tube

29
Q

Word equations for the complete and incomplete combustion of alkenes?

A

Complete:
Ethene + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat Energy

Incomplete:
Ethene + limited oxygen —> Carbon monoxide + Water + Heat Energy

30
Q

What colour flame does alkene burn with?

A

Alkene burns with an orange flame

31
Q

Explain the addition reaction of bromine with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?

A

Look in book for structural formula
Conditions: room temperature
Observations: Bromine water - Orange to Colourless

32
Q

Explain the addition reaction of hydrogen with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?

A

Look in book for structural formula
Conditions: Temperature 150 degrees, Nickel Catalyst
Observations: double bonds are broken and becomes saturated

33
Q

Explain the addition reaction of steam with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?

A

Look in book for structural formula?
Conditions: High temperature and Catalyst
Observations: Forms an Alcohol

34
Q

What happens to all alkenes during addition reactions?

A

They become saturated

35
Q

What is the general equation for additional polymerisation?

A

Look in book to show more clearly
N c=c —> -[c-c]- n

36
Q

What is polymer?

A

A polymer is a long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together.

37
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer

38
Q

Example equations for formation of a polymer?
Ethene to polyethene
Chlorothene to polychlorothene

A

There’s no easy way to explain this just look in book
You get rid of the double carbon bond and draw square brackets

39
Q

Name three methods of disposal of plastics:

A
  • Landfill
  • Incineration
  • Recycling
40
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of using a landfill to dispose of plastics?

A
  • Cheap as a local site is used and little money is needed for transportation
  • It wastes land that could be used for agriculture/building and cause visual pollution
41
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of using incineration to dispose of plastics?

A
  • Produces heat energy which can be used to generate electricity
  • Releases CO2 which cause global warming and toxic gases like dioxin and is high cost
42
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

43
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

44
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for methanol?

A

1 carbon atom
CH3OH
Look in book for structural formula

45
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for ethanol?

A

2 carbon atoms
C2H5OH
Look in book for structural formula

46
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for propan-1-ol?

A

3 carbon atoms
C3H7+OH
Look in book for structural formula

47
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for propan-2ol?

A

3 carbon atoms
C3H7OH
Look in book for the structural formula

48
Q

What flame do alcohols burn with?

A

A clean blue flame

49
Q

Word equations for the complete and incomplete combustion of alcohols?

A

Complete
Ethanol + unlimited oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Incomplete
Ethanol + limited oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + soot

50
Q

Explain the addition reaction of alcohol with air? Conditions? Observations?

A

Alcohol + O2 —> Carboxylic Acid
Look in book for structural formula

Conditions: Warm alcohol
Observations: KrCrO7 changes from orange to green
Alcohol converted to carboxylic acid

51
Q

What is used as an oxidising agent when reacting air with alcohols

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
K2CrO7

52
Q

Explain the addition reaction of alcohol by fermentation? Conditions? Observations?

A
  • The sugars are dissolved in solution
  • In the presence of yeast
  • At a warm temperature (not above 37 degrees)
  • In the absence of air

Sugar + yeast —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

53
Q

Diagram of making alcohol by fermentation?

A

Look in book

Chemistry - S2 (8 decks)

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