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Chemistry - S2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that all have:

  • The same general formula
  • Similar Chemical properties
  • Graduation in physical properties
  • Differ by one CH2 unit
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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A reactive group in an organic molecule

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3
Q

What is the prefix for each chemical with a different number of carbon atoms (1-4)

A

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

Fractional distillation?

A

Look in book (10/3/25)
MAKE THIS A PROPER FLASHACCARD AT SOME POINT EUAN

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the colour and state of all alkanes

A

Colourless gas

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8
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with one carbon atom?

A

Methane
CH4
Look in book

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9
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with two carbon atoms?

A

Ethane
C2H6
Look in book

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10
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with three carbon atoms?

A

Propane
C3H8
Look in book

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11
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for an alkane with 4 carbon atoms?

A

Butane
C4H10
Look in Book

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12
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All the carbon-carbon bonds are single

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13
Q

What is the complete combustion of an alkane in unlimited and limited oxygen?

A

Alkane + Unlimited Oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + Heat energy

Alkane + Limited Oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + Heat energy

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14
Q

Symbol equation for complete and Incomplete combustion of ethane?

A

Complete: C2H6 + 3.5O2 —> 2CO2 + 3H2O

Incomplete: C2H6 + 2.5O2 —> 2CO + 3H2O

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15
Q

Name four atmospheric pollutants?

A

Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Soot
Sulfure dioxide

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16
Q

Explain how CO2 pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

Greenhouse gas which warms the earth’s surface by absorbing infrared radiation

Causing climate change and raising sea levels

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17
Q

Explain how CO pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through incomplete combustion of fuels.

Toxic gas which combines with haemoglobin in the blood reducing its ability to carry oxygen

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18
Q

Explain how soot pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through incomplete combustion of fuels

Pollutes the air and causes lung damage / respiratory problems

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19
Q

Explain how sulfur dioxide pollutes the atmosphere?

A

Formed through burning fuels that contain sulfur.

Reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulphurous acid which falls as acid rain.

Can damage building (especially limestone) , kills vegetation and kills fish.

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20
Q

What is a alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon that contain a double carbon-carbon bond - Unsaturated

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21
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for ethene?

A

2 carbon atoms
C2H4
Look in Book

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23
Q

What is the molecular and structural formula for propène?

A

3 carbon atoms
C3H6
Look in book

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24
Q

How many bonds does one carbon atom have in total?

A

Four

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25
What is the molecular and structural formula for but-1-ene?
4 carbon atoms C4H8 Look in book
26
What is the molecular and structural formula for but-2-ene?
4 carbon atoms C4H8 Look in book
27
What colour and state are all alkenes?
Colourless gas
28
Diagram of apparatus to collect products of a combustion reaction?
Look in book - trough - cold water - u-tube - limewater in test tube
29
Word equations for the complete and incomplete combustion of alkenes?
Complete: Ethene + oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat Energy Incomplete: Ethene + limited oxygen —> Carbon monoxide + Water + Heat Energy
30
What colour flame does alkene burn with?
Alkene burns with an orange flame
31
Explain the addition reaction of bromine with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?
Look in book for structural formula Conditions: room temperature Observations: Bromine water - Orange to Colourless
32
Explain the addition reaction of hydrogen with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?
Look in book for structural formula Conditions: Temperature 150 degrees, Nickel Catalyst Observations: double bonds are broken and becomes saturated
33
Explain the addition reaction of steam with an alkene? Conditions? Observations?
Look in book for structural formula? Conditions: High temperature and Catalyst Observations: Forms an Alcohol
34
What happens to all alkenes during addition reactions?
They become saturated
35
What is the general equation for additional polymerisation?
Look in book to show more clearly N c=c —> -[c-c]- n
36
What is polymer?
A polymer is a long chain molecule made from joining small molecules together.
37
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that combines with other monomers to make a polymer
38
Example equations for formation of a polymer? Ethene to polyethene Chlorothene to polychlorothene
There’s no easy way to explain this just look in book You get rid of the double carbon bond and draw square brackets
39
Name three methods of disposal of plastics:
- Landfill - Incineration - Recycling
40
What is an advantage and disadvantage of using a landfill to dispose of plastics?
- Cheap as a local site is used and little money is needed for transportation - It wastes land that could be used for agriculture/building and cause visual pollution
41
What is an advantage and disadvantage of using incineration to dispose of plastics?
- Produces heat energy which can be used to generate electricity - Releases CO2 which cause global warming and toxic gases like dioxin and is high cost
42
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
43
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH group
44
What is the molecular and structural formula for methanol?
1 carbon atom CH3OH Look in book for structural formula
45
What is the molecular and structural formula for ethanol?
2 carbon atoms C2H5OH Look in book for structural formula
46
What is the molecular and structural formula for propan-1-ol?
3 carbon atoms C3H7+OH Look in book for structural formula
47
What is the molecular and structural formula for propan-2ol?
3 carbon atoms C3H7OH Look in book for the structural formula
48
What flame do alcohols burn with?
A clean blue flame
49
Word equations for the complete and incomplete combustion of alcohols?
Complete Ethanol + unlimited oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy Incomplete Ethanol + limited oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water + soot
50
Explain the addition reaction of alcohol with air? Conditions? Observations?
Alcohol + O2 —> Carboxylic Acid Look in book for structural formula Conditions: Warm alcohol Observations: KrCrO7 changes from orange to green Alcohol converted to carboxylic acid
51
What is used as an oxidising agent when reacting air with alcohols
Acidified potassium dichromate K2CrO7
52
Explain the addition reaction of alcohol by fermentation? Conditions? Observations?
- The sugars are dissolved in solution - In the presence of yeast - At a warm temperature (not above 37 degrees) - In the absence of air Sugar + yeast —> ethanol + carbon dioxide
53
Diagram of making alcohol by fermentation?
Look in book
54
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1 COOH
55
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
-COOH
56
What is the functional group of alkenes?
Carbon double bonds
57
What kind of acids are carboxylic acids?
Weak acids as they only partially ionise in water
58
What colour and state and carboxylic acids at room temperature?
Colourless liquid
59
What makes a flame sootier?
More carbon present
60
What is the molecular and structural formula for methanoic acid?
1 carbon atom HCOOH Look in book for structural formula
61
What is the molecular and structural formula for ethanoic acid?
2 carbon atoms CH3COOH look in book for structural formula
62
What is the molecular and structural formula for propanoic acid?
3 carbon atoms C2H5COOH Look in book for structural formula
63
What is the molecular and structural formula for butanoic acid?
4 carbon atoms C3H7COOH Look in book for structural formula
64
Word and symbol equation for reaction of carboxylic acid and magnesium? Observations?
Ethanoic Acid + Magnesium —> Magnesium ethanoate + Hydrogen 2 CH3COOH + Mg —> (CH3COOH)2Mg + H2 Observations - Grey solid disappears - Bubbles - Colourless solution produced - Exothermic
65
Word and symbol equation for reaction of carboxylic acid and sodium hydroxide? Observations?
Ethanoic acid + Sodium Hydroxide —> Sodium Ethanoate + Water CH3COOH + NaOH —> CH3COONa + H2O Observations - Exothermic - Colourless solution
66
Word and symbol equation for reaction of carboxylic acid sodium carbonate? Observations?
Carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate —> sodium ethanoate + Carbon Dioxide + Water CH3COOH + Na2CO3 —> 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O Observations - White solid disappears - exothermic - colourless solution produced
67
What is the chemical test for alkenes?
With bromine water they change from an orange solution to colourless
68
What is the chemical test for Alcohols?
When warmed with acidified potassium dichromate orange solution changes to green
69
What is the chemical test for carboxylic acids?
With magnesium bubbles to create hydrogen which can be tested with a lighted splint With sodium carbonate bubbles to create CO2 which can be bubbled through limewater
70
What is the chemical test for alkanes?
If there is no change when you add do any of these: - Add Bromine Water - Warm with acidified potassium dichromate - With solid sodium carbonate - With Magnesium
71
What is cracking?
The breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes) Longer Alkenes --> Shorter Alkanes + Alkenes C10H22 --> C8H18 + C2H4 Look in book for structural example
72
What are the short alkanes and alkenes used for in cracking?
Shorter Alkanes - Fuels Alkenes - Polymers
73
How are the fuels in crude oil separated in fractional distillation?
heated to form a gas fractions condensed at different temperatures
74
Name three uses of ethanol?
fuel alcoholic drinks solvent

Chemistry - S2 (8 decks)

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