Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

chemistry unit 1 > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is organic chemistry?

A

The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what system is used to name organic chemicals

A

IUPAC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the first step of the IUPAC naming system

A

Find the longest carbon chain and give it a root name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the second step of the IUPAC naming system

A

identify the highest priority functional group and add its suffix to the root name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the third step of the IUPAC naming system

A

identify the types of substituents and their positions on the carbon chain, then add a numbered prefix to the root name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbon where all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are alkenes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is fractional distillation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two types of cracking

A

thermal cracking
catalytic cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is used to test for the presence of alkenes

A

saturation test (bromide water)
presence of alkenes = bromide water turns colorless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two types of combustion

A

complete combustion
incomplete combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is cracking

A

when longer carbon chains that are not very useful is broken down to form smaller, more useful molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

conditions of thermal cracking

A
  • high temperature (1000)
  • high pressure (7000kPa)
  • produces alkanes + alkenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is complete combustion

A

In excess air, alkanes will undergo complete combustion where the maximum amount of energy is transferred
- burns with blue flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

In a limited supply of air, alkanes will undergo incomplete combustion
- burns with a dirty yellow flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a sigma bond

A

strongest type of covalent chemical bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a pi bond

A

Pi bonds are chemical bonds that are covalent in nature and involve the lateral overlapping of two lobes of an atomic orbital with two lobes of another atomic orbital that belongs to a different atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a Lewis structure?

A

two-dimensional model that represents covalent bonds as straight lines and unbonded valence electrons as dots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what makes a molecule polar

A
  • asymmetrical electron distribution around the molecules
  • the difference in electronegativity is greater than 0.5
  • dipole moment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the general formula for alkane

A

CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the general formula for alkene

A

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the bondings in alkanes

A

each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds (sigma bonds) because of the direct overlapping of orbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why are the intermolecular forces of attraction in alkanes weak

A

constant movement of electrons allows for temporary dipoles to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

trends in alkanes

A
  • as alkanes increase in length, their relative molecular mass increases
  • the larger molecules have a greater surface area
  • as the chain length increases, the boiling point does to
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the properties of the branching of the carbon chain
- the more branching a molecule has, the less surface area over which intermolecular interactions can occur - more branched molecules have a lower degree of London forces - the more branching in the molecule the lower the boiling point
26
trends of reactivity of alkanes
low reactivity - sigma bonds gave a low polarity - the electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen are very similar - bonds have large bond enthalpies, so lots of energy is required to break these bonds
27
what is the product of complete combustion
- water - carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases)
28
what is the product of incomplete combustion
- carbon (soot) - carbon monoxide
29
why is carbon monoxide dangerous
- colorless + odorless - binds to hemoglobin in place of oxygen
30
why are oxides of sulfur dangerous
- sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide may be formed in combustion (acidic gases) - when they dissolve in water, they form sulfuric and sulfurous acid (acid rain)
31
why are oxides of nitrogen dangerous
- combustion of nitrogen-containing alkanes will lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides - nitrogen monoxide - nitrogen dioxide - can dissolve in water to form acid rain
32
what are radical substitutions
when alkanes react with the halogens (bromine and chlorine), in UV light - forms halogenated organic compound
33
what is the first step of radical substitution
initiations - radicals are formed
34
what is the second step of radical substitution?
propagations - reactions occur to build up product
35
what is the third step of radical substitution
termination - 2 radicals collide to form a stable product
36
conditions of catalytic cracking
- lower temperature (450) - lower pressure (720kPa) - presence of a catalyst - produces aromatic compounds with carbon rings
37
what is a nucleophile?
chemical substances that donate electrons
38
what is an electrophile?
a substance that can accept electrons
39
what is a nucleophilic attack
when a nucleophile reacts with anything
40
what is a nucelophilic substitution reaction
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are a class of reactions in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks a positively charged electrophile to replace a leaving group.
41
what is an electrophilic addition reaction
Electrophilic addition is a reaction between an electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds
42
what is a cis-isomer?
A cis isomer refers to a molecule where similar atoms or groups are positioned on the same side of a double bond, making it thermodynamically more stable than its trans counterpart.
43
what is a trans-isomer?
A trans isomer is defined as an isomer in which the functional groups are located on the other sides of the double bond
44
what is a z-isomer
the highest-priority groups at each end of an alkene that are on the same side of the double-bond axis
45
when are cis and trans alkenes use
only works when the double-bond carbon is attached to two hydrogen and two R groups
46
what is an e-isomer
the two highest priority groups on each carbon atom are on opposite sides of the double bond
47
what is a tertiary carbocation
3 carbons surrounding the carbocation (most stable)
48
what is a secondary carbocation
2 carbons surrounding the carbocation
49
what is the inductive effect
where the electron density is spread out through the sigma bond to stabilize the positive charge
50
why are there two possible products when a hydrogen halide bonds to an unsymmetrical alkene
the quantities of each product produced depends on the stability of the carbonation
51
what is the major product and how is it formed
carbocations with more alkyl groups are more stable. This is because the alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect on the carbon atom and feed electrons towards the positive charge
52
what is an addition reaction?
an addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to generate a bigger one (the adduct)
53
what is hydrogenation?
when hydrogen is added across a bond
54
what is halogenation?
when a halogen is added across a bond
55
what is polymerization?
56
what is the Markovnikov additon
when a proton adds to the carbon of the double bond that has the most hydrogen
57
why is cracking necessary?
The demand for shorter-chain alkenes and alkanes is much greater than the demand for long chain
58
59
60

chemistry unit 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions