bondings + polarizations

Question 1

what are the three types of bondings?

Answer 1

covalent bondings
ionic bondings
metallic bondings

Question 1

what is the meaning of a covalent bond?

Answer 1

strong electrostatic attraction between a shared paired of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms, usually occurring between 2 non-metals

Question 2

what is the meaning of an ionic bond?

Answer 2

the strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer

Question 3

what is the meaning of a metallic bond?

Answer 3

the electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalized electrons

Question 4

differences between intermolecular and intramolecular forces

Answer 4

intermolecular - forces between the molecules + stronger than inter
intramolecular - forces within a molecule

Question 5

what are the types of covalent bonds

Answer 5

dative covalent
single covalent
multiple covalent

Question 6

what is ionization energy

Answer 6

a measure of the energy required to completely remove and electron from an atom of an element to form an ion

Question 7

what is a dative covalent bond

Answer 7

one atom donates both of the electrons in the covalent bond

Question 8

what are the structures of covalent compounds

Answer 8

simple molecular
giant lattice

Question 9

properties of simple molecular substances

Answer 9

• weak intermolecular forces between the molecules
• low melting and boiling pt
• soluble in non-polar solvents
• non-conductor of electricity

Question 10

properties of a giant lattice

Answer 10

• strong covalent bonds throughout the structure
• high melting and boiling point
• insoluble in non-polar and polar solvents (not disrupted by either type of solvents)
• non-conductors of electricity (except graphite)

Question 11

which giant covalent molecule can conduct electricity and why?

Answer 11

graphite, this is because, between the layers of the lattice, the delocalized electrons can move so when voltage is applied, these electrons can move freely parallel to the layers

Question 12

types of giant covalent substances

Answer 12

Diamond
graphite
silica (silicon dioxide)

Question 13

factors affecting the strength of metallic bonding

Answer 13

number of protons
number of delocalized electrons
size of ion

Question 14

how does the number of protons affect the strength of metallic bonding?

Answer 14

the more protons, the stronger the bond

Question 15

how does the number of delocalized electrons per atom affect the strength of metallic bonding?

Answer 15

the more delocalized electrons are, the stronger the bond

Question 16

how does the size of an ion affect the strength of metallic bonding?

Answer 16

the smaller the ion, the stronger the bond as it is a shorter distance

Question 17

what are some properties of metals?

Answer 17

-high melting and boiling point
-high density
-good conductors of heat
-malleable + ductile

Question 18

types of intermolecular forces

Answer 18

• induced dipole-dipole forces (van der waals)
• permanent dipole-dipole forces
• hydrogen bonding

Question 19

what are van der Waals forces?

Answer 19

• ## weakest type of intermolecular forces

Question 20

what is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 20

• strongest form of intermolecular forces
• only act between nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine = highly polarised

Question 21

name of the molecules with 2 bonding pairs and their angle.

Answer 21

linear 180 degrees

Question 22

name of the molecules with 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs and their angle

Answer 22

non-linear 104.5

Question 23

name of the molecule with 3 bonding pairs and their angle

Answer 23

trigonal planar 120

Question 24

name of the molecule with 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair and their angle

Answer 24

triangular pyramid 107

Question 25

name of the molecule with 4 bonding pairs and their angle

Answer 25

tetrahedral 109.5

Question 26

name of the molecule with 5 bonding pairs and their angle

Answer 26

trigonal bipyramidal 90 and 120

Question 27

name of the molecule with 6 bonding pairs and their angle

Answer 27

octahedral 90

Question 28

trends of ionization energy across the table

Question 29

trends of ionization energy down the table

Question 30

what is the first ionisation energy?

Answer 30

the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of the gaseous element to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions

Question 31

factors that influence ionization energy

Answer 31

• distance of electrons from the nucleus
• shielding on the attraction of the nucleus
• attraction of the nucleus

Question 32

how does the distance of electrons from the nucleus affect the ionization energy

Answer 32

the bigger the atom, the further the outer electrons are from the nucleus and the weaker the attraction

Question 33

How does the level of electron shielding affect the ionization energy

Answer 33

an electron in an outer shell is repelled by electrons in complete inner shells, weakening the attraction of the nucleus

Question 34

How does the attraction of the nucleus affect the ionization energy

Answer 34

the more protons in the nucleus, the greater the attraction

Question 35

what is atomic radius

Answer 35

the distance from the center of an atom to the edge of the electron cloud

Question 36

across the period, does the atomic radius increase or decrease

Answer 36

decreases

Question 37

down a group, does the atomic radius increase or decrease

Answer 37

increases

Question 38

across the period in terms of ionization energy

Answer 38

the number of protons in the nucleus increases, as this increases, the effective nuclear charge also increases. The nucleus becomes more positive

Question 39

down the group, in terms of ionization energy

Answer 39

the number of shells increases
inner shells of electrons repel the outer shell of electrons