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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry primarily concerned with?

A

Organic chemistry is about compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.

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4
Q

What type of bonds do alkanes have?

A

Alkanes have all C-C single bonds.

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5
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

The first four alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, and butane.

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6
Q

How do hydrocarbon properties change with chain length?

A

As the length of the carbon chain increases, hydrocarbons become less runny, less volatile, and less flammable.

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7
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Complete combustion occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with plenty of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water vapor.

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8
Q

What is the waste product of complete combustion?

A

The waste products of complete combustion are carbon dioxide and water vapor.

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9
Q

What is oxidation in the context of hydrocarbons?

A

Oxidation can be defined as the gain of oxygen.

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10
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

A drawing showing all the atoms and bonds in a molecule is called a displayed formula.

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11
Q

Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane (CH4).

A

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

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12
Q

What is the relationship between chain length and fuel usage?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons with lower boiling points are used as ‘bottled gases’ stored under pressure as liquids.

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13
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, that died millions of years ago.

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14
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Crude oil is formed over millions of years through high temperature and pressure acting on buried remains.

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15
Q

Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable?

A

Fossil fuels are non-renewable because they take so long to form that they are being used up faster than they are created.

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16
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Fractional distillation is a process used to separate different hydrocarbons in crude oil.

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17
Q

What happens to crude oil during fractional distillation?

A

The oil is heated until most turns into gas, which enters a fractionating column.

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18
Q

What is a temperature gradient in a fractionating column?

A

In a fractionating column, the temperature is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top.

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19
Q

How do boiling points affect the separation of hydrocarbons?

A

Longer hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense and drain out early, while shorter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points drain out later.

20
Q

What is the result of fractional distillation?

A

The crude oil mixture is separated into different fractions, each containing hydrocarbons with similar carbon atom counts.

21
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon.

22
Q

What is LPG?

A

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) contains mostly propane and butane.

23
Q

Where does petrol drain in a fractionating column compared to diesel?

A

Petrol drains further up the fractionating column than diesel.

24
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Chromatography is an analytical method used to separate the substances in a mixture.

25
Q

What are the two phases in chromatography?

A
  1. Mobile phase - where the molecules can move (liquid or gas).
  2. Stationary phase - where the molecules can’t move (solid or thick liquid).
26
Q

How do substances move during chromatography?

A

Substances constantly move between the mobile and stationary phases, forming an equilibrium.

27
Q

What determines how quickly a chemical moves in chromatography?

A

It depends on how it’s distributed between the two phases, specifically whether it spends more time in the mobile or stationary phase.

28
Q

What happens to chemicals that spend more time in the mobile phase?

A

They will move further up the stationary phase.

29
Q

What is a chromatogram?

A

The result of chromatography analysis.

30
Q

How is the Rf value calculated?

A

Rf = (distance travelled by substance) / (distance travelled by solvent).

31
Q

What does a pure substance form in chromatography?

A

A pure substance will only ever form one spot in any solvent.

32
Q

What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

A

The stationary phase is the chromatography paper (often filter paper).

33
Q

What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

A

The mobile phase is the solvent (e.g., ethanol or water).

34
Q

What factors affect how far a molecule travels in chromatography?

A
  1. Solubility in the solvent.
  2. Attraction to the paper.
35
Q

What does it mean if the Rf value of a reference compound matches that of a spot in a mixture?

A

It is likely that the reference compound is present in the mixture.

36
Q

What happens if the Rf values do not match?

A

The reference compound isn’t present in the mixture.

37
Q

What is the significance of changing the solvent in chromatography?

A

The Rf value for a substance will change if you change the solvent.

38
Q

What are the tests for common gases?

A

1) Chlorine
2) Oxygen
3) Carbon Dioxide
4) Hydrogen

39
Q

How does chlorine react in a test?

A

Chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper, turning it white.

It may turn red for a moment first because a solution of chlorine is acidic.

40
Q

What happens when a glowing splint is placed in oxygen?

A

The oxygen will relight the glowing splint.

41
Q

How can carbon dioxide be identified?

A

Bubbling carbon dioxide through limewater causes the solution to turn cloudy.

42
Q

What sound indicates the presence of hydrogen?

A

Holding a lit splint at the open end of a test tube containing hydrogen produces a ‘squeaky pop’.

The noise comes from the hydrogen burning quickly with the oxygen in the air to form water.

43
Q

What is limewater used for?

A

Limewater is used to test for carbon dioxide.

44
Q

What is a practical example of gas collection?

A

Hadia collects the gas given off during a reaction and bubbles it through limewater.

The limewater goes cloudy, identifying the gas produced.

45
Q

Why are tests for gases considered brilliant?

A

They allow for nice experiments in class and include fun observations like ‘squeaky pop’.

Chemistry (10 decks)

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