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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

how are condensation polymers made

A

using ester links

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2
Q

what do carbons mostly bond to

A

hydrogen and carbon themselves

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3
Q

what are the first 4 alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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4
Q

what is the meaning of homologous series and give an example

A

groups of organic compounds/molecules that react in a similar way and have similar chemical properties
Same functional group / same general formula / differ by CH2

eg alkanes

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5
Q

formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

why do we refer to alkanes as saturated

A

no double bonds- every carbon atom has 4 single covalent bonds and are all bonded to something

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7
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon is a molecule that only contains the elements carbon and hydrogen hydrogen.

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8
Q

What are trends of alkanes as you go down the group

A

boiling point increases
volatility decrease
viscosity increases
flammability decreases

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9
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion

A

hydrocarbon+oxygen> carbon dioxide+water

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10
Q

why do we say complete combustion is an exothermic reaction

A

it releases a lot of energy

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11
Q

what is being oxidised in complete combustion

A

carbon and hydrogen

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12
Q

what is crude oil

A

a fossil fuel found deep underground with mainly hydrocarbons(mainly alkanes)

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13
Q

how is crude oil formed

A

Crude oil is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals, particularly plankton.
These organic remains were covered by mud and sand, and buried in the earth.
Over millions of years, these organic remains were compressed under a lot of heat and pressure.
The heat and pressure chemically changed the organic remains into crude oil

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14
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

heating and seperate different compunds

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15
Q

what are the steps of fractional distillation

A

feed oil into chamber and heat it until most oil has turned into gas

pass gaseous mixture into fractionating column(which is hot at the bottom and cools down at top)

when the hot gases reach a region that is cooler than their boiling point they condense into a liquid

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16
Q

what happens to short chain hydrocarbons vs long in fractional distillation

A

long-quickly condense back into liquid and drain out right away(eg bitumen/heavy fuel oil and can be seperated further into heating oil/fuel oil)

short-rise up much more(diesel/petrol and kerosene

very short- stay as gas entire time(lpg)

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17
Q

why are the shorter chain hc better fuels

A

they are more flammable

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18
Q

what is a feedstock

A

A feedstock is a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction.

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19
Q

what is a petrochemical

A

A petrochemical is a substance made from crude oil, via chemical reactions.

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20
Q

what is the relation between feedstocks and petrochemicals

A

So basically, the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are all feedstocks, but the useful things we then make from those hydrocarbons (polymers, solvents, lubricants, detergents etc.), are all petrochemicals.

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21
Q

what is cracking

A

a thermal decompostion reaction where longer less useful hc are broken down into shorter more useful/flammable hc

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22
Q

what are the 2 methods of cracking

A

catalytic and steam cracking

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23
Q

what are the steps in catalytic cracking

A

heat long chain hydrocarbons and vapourise them

use hot powdered aluminium oxide as catalyst passing vapour over powder splitting them apart into 2 smaller hc

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24
Q

what are the steps of steam cracking

A

heat and vapourise hydrocarbons to
mix them with steam
heat them to very high temps causing them to split

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25
Q

what is the difference between alkenes and alkanes

A

allkenes unsaturated -have double bond
making them more reactive than alkanes
react with bromine water changing it from orange to colourless
form polymers

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26
Q

alkene addition reaction with hydrogen

A

alkene+hydrogen gas>alkane
+catalyst

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27
Q

addition reaction with water

A

alkene+water(steam/vapour)>alcohol
+catalyst and high temps

28
Q

alkene+halogen=

A

alkene+halogen>dibromo-alkane

29
Q

how do we name addition polymers

A

put “poly” in front of monomer

30
Q

what do addition polymerisation reactions require

A

high pressure and catalysts to work

31
Q

what makes alcohols different to alkanes

A

an oh functional group

32
Q

what is the general formula for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1

33
Q

what are the properties of the 1st 4 alcohols

A

flammable
soluble
oxidise to form carboxylic acids

34
Q

alcohol+oxygen

A

=co2 + water

35
Q

uses of alcohols

A

can be used as fuels(release a lot of energy)
as solvents in industry (can dissolve fats and oils that water cant)

36
Q

what are the uses of ethanol

A

As a chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds.
As a biofuel (ethanol can be burned like petrol).
Used in alcoholics drinks such as beer, wine, and spirits

37
Q

what is a comercial way ethanol is produced/pros and cons/conditions

A

ethene+steam
high temp/catalyst/high pressure
(300 degrees)/phosphoric acid/60-70 atm

this reaction is cheap and efficient
ethene is finite/will become expensive if used up

38
Q

what is another way to produce ethanol/pros and cons/conditions

A

fermentation(anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast cells to produce ethanol and c02

must be in fermentation tanks at temp of 30-40 and must be anaerobic so ethanol isnt oxidised to ethanoic acid

glucose is renewable and yeast is easy to grow
process is slow and ethanol made isnt purre so must be further purified/ distilled in fractional distillation

39
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids(homologous series)

A

cooh/names all end in -anoic acid

40
Q

are carboxylic acids strong or weak

A

weak

41
Q

what are the - ions that carboxylic acids form

A

anoate

42
Q

carboxylic acid +metal carbonate

A

water, salt and carbon dioxide

43
Q

how are carboxylic acids made

A

taking an alcohol and oxidising it with an oxidising agent

44
Q

carboxylic acids reaction with metal/metal hydroxide

A

Carboxylic acid + metal ➔ salt + hydrogen
Carboxylic acid + metal oxide ➔ salt + water
Carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide ➔ salt + water

45
Q

what is the functional group of esters

A

coo in the middle

46
Q

what are properties of esters

A

volatile
nice/fruit smelling

47
Q

how do we make esters

A

carboxylic acids+alcohol>ester+water
(acid catalyst)(sulfuric acid)

48
Q

what is the only ester you need to know how to form

A

Ethanoic acid + ethanol ➔ Ethyl ethanoate

49
Q

how are polyesters made

A

with dicarboxylic acid monomers(2 carboxylic acid groups) + diol monomers(2 alcohol groups)

50
Q

what is given up when making condensation polymers

A

dicarboxylic acid monomer gives up oh group and diol gives up h forming a water molecule

this leaves carbon from dicarboxylic acids carbon to react with the oxygen of the diol monomer
the ester link

51
Q

for molecules to combine in condensation polymers what is required

A

each monomer must have at least 2 functional groups
must be 2 different functional groups overall
must be a small molecule given off

52
Q

what do the boxes in the middle of the monomers represent

A

the rest of the molecule in simplified form

53
Q

what is a dimer

A

2 monomers combined

54
Q

When is a polymer referred to as a ‘condensation’ polymer?

A

When water is a produced as a by-product of the reaction

55
Q

what types of polymers are biodegradable and why

A

condensation as ester links can be broken down by microorganisms

56
Q

what groups do all amino acids have

A

carboxyl group and amino group(h-n-h)

57
Q

how do amino acids join to form polymers

A

through condensation reactions when bottom right oh from carboxyl group and bottom left h from amino group react producing water and allowing carbon and nitrogen to bond together(called amide bond/peptide bond)

58
Q

what are the monomers in dna

A

structures called nucleotides which contain bases(t a g c) -basically 4 types

59
Q

what are genes

A

these nucleotides arranged in different orders

60
Q

how/why does the double helix structure form

A

the 2 polymer chains link together coiling naturally to keep the genes intact and prevent damage

61
Q

what are the elements that make up carbs

A

carbon,oxygen and hydrogen

62
Q

what are carb polymers and what are they called

A

polyssacharides like starch,cellulose and
glycogen

63
Q

what is the general meaning of carbs

A

number of polymers and monomers we derive energy from

64
Q

what are the monomers of carbs called

A

monosaccharides like glucose or fructose

65
Q

what monomers combine to form a polypeptide

A

amino acids

66
Q

What do polypeptides form once they fold up?

A

protein

67
Q
A

Chemistry (6 decks)

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