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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Any compound made of only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule that determine chemical properties of a compound

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3
Q

What is a saturated compound

A

A hydrocarbon with no double bonds (alkanes)

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

A hydrocarbon with one or more double bond

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n)+2

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

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7
Q

What are the first five alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentain

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8
Q

What are the first 5 alkenes

A

Ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane

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9
Q

Why does the boiling point of alkanes increase with chain length?

A
  • more atoms and bonds on one line need a larger force to separate
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10
Q

Why are short chain hydrocarbons more volatile ?

A
  • have a lower boiling point so they evaporate easier
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11
Q

What is more flammable , short chain or long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Short chain alkanes

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12
Q

What is meant by refined

A

Separated

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13
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

Plankton is compressed by heart and pressure typically by the ocean and over a long time produces crude oil

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14
Q

What is meant by oxidisation?

A

When oxygen bonds to a hydrocarbon to make H2O

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15
Q

What is combustion

A

Burning (rapid reaction between a substance and oxygen

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16
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

A

In incomplete combustion there is not enough oxygen to create carbon dioxide, so carbon monoxide is produced instead

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17
Q

What is the equation for combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon fuel + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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18
Q

What are the properties of complete combustion?

A
  • blue flame
  • little / no soot
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19
Q

What are the properties of incomplete combustion?

A
  • yellow flame
    -soot (carbon)
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20
Q

What are the properties of carbon monoxide?

A
  • colourless
  • odourless
  • very toxic (staves body of oxygen as CO binds better to hoemoglobin than oxygen so starves blood of oxygen
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21
Q

What are the problems with particulates (soot)

A
  • creates smog - dark clouds cause global dimming
  • respiratory problems caused when inhaled
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22
Q

What is meant by airpollution

A

Products of incomplete combustion

23
Q

What are the problems with nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide?

A
  • damages lungs if inhaled
  • gets in clouds and forms dilute acids (acid rain)
24
Q

What are the problems with acid rain?

A
  • damages buildings
  • corrodes metals
  • damages plants
  • makes soil acidic
25
Q

What are the early atmospheric gases?

A
  • carbon dioxide,
  • water vapour
  • methane
  • ammonia (NH3)
26
Q

What are the proportions of the earths atmosphere today?

A
  • nitrogen 78%
  • oxygen 21%
  • argon 0.9%
  • carbon dioxide 0.037%
27
Q

How was the early atmosphere formed?

A
  • volcanoes dispersed volatile chemicals that made up the atmosphere
  • CO2 kept earth hot
  • volcanoes release co2 and h2o
  • H2O condensed to form seas
  • co2 dissolved in seas and became locked up in rocks
  • photosynthesis by primative plants produced oxygen
  • levels of co2 decreased, levels of oxygen increased
28
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
  • Sun rays go through the earths atmosphere
  • reflect of the earth
  • rebound into the atmosphere to keep the earth warm like a greenhouse
29
Q

What method can be used to see how much CO2 levels change over time

A

Ice cores- counting bubbles and measuring them for CO2

30
Q

What creates methane?

A
  • agriculture
  • decomposition of rubbish in landfill
31
Q

What creates CO2?

A
  • fossil fuels
  • deforestation
32
Q

What are the effects of climate change?

A
  • polar ice caps melt ( causing rising sea levels)
  • extinction of species living in cold climates as temp getting too hot
  • change in rainfall (droughts and flood)
  • change in species distribution
33
Q

What do the names of alkanes end in?

A
  • ane
34
Q

What do the names of alkenes end in?

A

-ene

35
Q

What are the solutions to lowering methane and co2 emissions?

A
  • carbon capture and storage (co2 absorbed into porous rocks like limestone)
  • eat less meat (fields for animals can be used for plants)
36
Q

What are the two impurities of hydrocarbons?

A
  • nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide
37
Q

What is meant by ‘locked up’?

A

CO2 becomes a carbon compound in plants and decomposed into fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks

38
Q

What are examples of renewable energy sources

A
  • wind
  • soar
  • nuclear
39
Q

How can manufacturing processes be more efficient

A

Use less energy, produce less waste

40
Q

How can you calculate carbon footprint?

A

Take into account:
- how raw materials are sourced
- manufacturing process
- transportation
- total amount of power used in its lifetime
- how disposed of

41
Q

What is a carbon footprint?

A

The total amount of CO2 and greenhouse gases emitted over something’s lifetime

42
Q

What are the benefits of a carbon footprint?

A
  • determines how eco damaging a product is (is it worth it)
  • identify the most polluting activities
43
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

A reaction when a compound is broken down into a simpler substance when heated

44
Q

What is the equation for thermal decomposition with calcium carbonate

A

CaCO3=CaO+CO2

45
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons by thermal decompositon

46
Q

Why do we crack long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Highest demand is for short chain hydrocarbons

47
Q

What are the problems with long chain hydrocarbons

A
  • difficult to ignite
  • burns incompletely (produces soot)
48
Q

What are the two methods of cracking?

A

Steam cracking and catalytic cracking

49
Q

What is the process of catalytic cracking?

A
  • hot (500’c) powdered aluminium oxide (catylist)
  • pass vapourised long chain hydrocarbon over powder
  • eventually long chain splits
50
Q

What is the process of steam cracking?

A
  • mix vapourised long chain hydrocarbon with steam
  • heat to a very high temperature (450-700)
51
Q

What are polymers

A

Long chain molecules made from short chain monomers

52
Q

Why do polymers have high melting points even though they have covalent bonds?

A

They are simple molecular substances

53
Q

What are the order of fractions in fractional distilition (top to bottom_)

A
  • refinery gases
  • petrol
  • naphtha
  • kerosine
  • diesel
  • lubricating oil
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen residue

Chemistry (5 decks)

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