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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic

A

Compounds that are based on C, with other elements such as H, O, N

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of chemicals with the same general formula, a pattern of physical properties, and similar chemical properties.

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds consisting of only C+H atoms.

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4
Q

Alkanes

A

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

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5
Q

What is the suffix when organic chemicals?

A

Homologous series ending
e.g. In alkanes it would be -ane

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6
Q

What is the genergal formula for alkanes?

A
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7
Q
Complete the table
A
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8
Q

What bonding do alkanes have?

A

Covalent bonds

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9
Q

What happens to the mpt/bpt of alkanes as the molecules get bigger?

A

Mpt/bpt increase due to more IMFs.

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10
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance to liquid flow (thicker or thinner liquid e.g. water vs. honey).

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11
Q

What happens to the viscosity of alkanes as the molecules get bigger?

A

Increases due to more IMFs and larger molecules inter-twine.

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12
Q

What happens to the valatility of alkane as the molecules get bigger?

A

Decreases due to to increasing bpt.

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13
Q

Valatility

A

Ease of turning into a gas.

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14
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

The lowest ratio of elements within a compound.

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15
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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16
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The atoms connected to each C atom, listed in order.

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17
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

The exact bonds connecting each atom in a molecule (simplified version of covalent bonding dot and cross diagram)

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18
Q

What is the bonding diagram?

A

The dot and cross diagram.

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19
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the sa molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms (diff. structural formula).

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20
Q

What does the root in naming chemicals represent?

A

The longest line of C atome you can go through without lifting your pen.

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21
Q

What is the prefix

When naming organic chemicals

A

Any additional atoms not yet included (that are connect)
NOTE: if there are 2 extra C atoms that do not connect to eachother than they will be considered dimeth… because it is 2 of 1.

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22
Q

Saturated

in organic chemistry

A

Hydrocarbon molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds.

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23
Q

How reactvive are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are generally unreactive due to only containing strong single covalent bonds (saturates).

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24
Q

What is required to make alkanes react?

A

Energy in the form of:
* Light
* Heat
* Electricity

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25
Q

What types of reactions do alkanes undergo?

A
  • Substitution
  • Combustion
  • Decomposition
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26
Q

How does substitution (halogens) work with alkanes?

A

One of the H atoms swaps with one of the halogen atom.
NOTE: keep in mind that several different types of haloalkanes could be made because the halogen swaps with a different positioned H atom.

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27
Q

What happens when there are multiple prefixes?

A

Arranged alphabetically

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28
Q

What happens when there are multiple numbers?

A

They are arranged numerically.

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29
Q

alkane + halogen =u.v. light=>

A

haloalkane + hydrogenhalide

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30
Q

What is the equation for a complete combustion reaction (alkane)?

A

alkane + oxygen => carbondioxide + water

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31
Q

What are the incomplete combustion equations?

A
  1. alkane + oxygen => carbonmonoxide + water
  2. alkane + oxygen => carbon + water
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32
Q

Write an equation which produces carbonmonoxide

A

alkane + oxygen => carbonmonoxide + water

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33
Q

Why is carbonmonoxide dangerous?

A

It is toxic, it replaces the oxygen in haemoglobin

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34
Q

What can you do to protect yourself from carbonmonoxide?

A

Have efficient ventilation to avoid incomplete combustion

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35
Q

Why is carbon dangerous?

A

It damages lungs and machinery

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36
Q

Write an equation which produces carbon

A

alkane + oxygen => carbon + water

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37
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occure?

A

It is a product of the incomplete combustion of hydrogen.

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38
Q

Why does incomplete combustion sometimed produce carbon (what does this do to the flame)?

A

Because the particles of carbon have not even reacted to produce carbon monoxide. it is these fine particles of carbon that can glow yellow in the heat of flame.

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39
Q

What is another word for decomposition (of alkanes)?

A

Cracking

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40
Q

Why would you want to decompose an alkane?

A

Because the larger alkane molecules are less flamable.

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41
Q

What is the equation for cracking?

A

Large alkane => smaller alkane + alkene

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42
Q

What is the smaller alkane used for in cracking?

A

fuel

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42
Q

What is alkene used for?

A

Making plastic

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43
Q

What reactions can alkanes undergo?

A
  1. substitution
  2. combustion
  3. decomposition
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43
Q

What is needed to do decomposition?

A
  • Heat (to 300 clecius)
  • Catalyst of Al2O or SiO2
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43
Q

What is the ending in alkenes?

A

-ene

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44
Q

How do you seperate the isomers created in substitution?

A

Fractional distillation.

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45
Q

Alkene

A

hydrocarbons with at least one (only 1 for IGCSE) carbon double bond.

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46
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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47
Q

In alkenes, where does the number to indicate where the double bond is go?

A

after the root, before the suffix.

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48
Q

Are alkenes saturated?

A

No, alkenes are unsaturated because they contain a double bond.

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49
Q

How reactive are alkenes and why?

A

Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because they are unsaturated (half of double bonds can break easily).

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50
Q

What 2 reactions can alkenes undergo?

A
  • Adddition
  • Polymerisation
  • they can also undergo combustion (but it would be a waste of recourses)
51
Q

What occures during addition reactions?

A

an alkene and a halogen react. The double bond in the alkene breaks, this creates 2 spaces for 2 more bond to be formed. The halogen bonds with the carbon. The product is an -ane because it has only single bonds.

52
Q

What are the differences of addition compared to substitution?

A

i) only one product with addition of halogens
ii) no additional energy required for addition
iii) addition forms a dihalo product, substitution forms monohalo product.
iv) substitutionis only possible in alkanes.

53
Q

What are 3 chemicals addition can occur with?

A
  • Halogens
  • Hydrogen halides
  • Water
54
Q

How is addition with hydrogen halides named?

A

The 2 spaces that are opened are filled with, one with an H atom and the other with a halogen atom. We write the position of the halogen atom in front of the whole name + its position

55
Q

alkene + water =>

A

alcohol
ol = suffix for alcohol
(OH has joined in place of one of the bonds and other H taken other place)

We number the OH (goes after root before suffix)

56
Q

Alkanes / alkenes test

A
With no U.V. light
57
Q

Polymerisation

A

alkenes can undergo polymerisation to form plastics (polymers). This occures through addition.

58
Q

What is a repeating unit?

A

How we display polymers

59
Q

What are the physical properties of polymers?

A
  1. Low mpt (covalent, discrete), weak IMFs etc…
    => but higher than monomers due to large molecules
  2. do not conduct electricity
  3. insoluble in water but soluble in oils
60
Q

What are the chemical properties of polymers?

A

Unreactive (saturated)
same as alkanes

61
Q

What are the enviornmental problems with polymers?

A
  • If they are combusted than thst releases CO2 (global warming) and non-metal oxide which is an acid (acid rain)
  • They are disposed of in landfills (non-biodegradable)
  • Plastic escpaes into lakes/rivers (oceans)
62
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Organic chemicals that also contain oxygen. Acids which contain the group -COOH

63
Q

What is the suffix of carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

64
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed?

A

By oxidising alcohols using an oxidising agent

65
Q

What oxidising agents can be used to make carboxylic acids?

A
  • K2Cr2O7
  • KMnO4
66
Q

What is the color change of K2Cr2O7 when an alchohol is oxidised?

A

Cr^6+ (orange) ==> Cr^3+ (green)

67
Q

What is the color change of KMnO4 when an alchohol is oxidised?

A

Mn^7+ (purple) ==> Mn^2+ (pink)

68
Q

What is the strength of carboxylic acids?

A

They are week acids as the H (from COOH) partially dissociates to release H^+ ions.

69
Q

What symbol represents oxidising agents?

A

Square brackt O Square bracket

70
Q

What does an alcohol and a oxidizing agent make?

A

an aldehyde (a double bonded O and a H on the end)=> caboxylic acid (a double bonded O and a OH (additional O))

71
Q

General formula:

ethanol ==oxidizing agent=>

A

apples => vinegar (these are used for food flavoring)

72
Q

acid + metal =>

A

salt + hydrogen

73
Q

acid + base =>

A

salt + water

74
Q

acid + metalcarbonate =>

A

salt + water + carbondioxide

75
Q

How do carboxylic acids react?

A

In the same way as inorganic acids

76
Q

How do carboxylic acids react in the same way as inorganic acids?

A

During these reactions the H+ from the COOH is comparable to the H+ in HCl. The metal/base etc. switches with the H from the OH.

77
Q

How do we name the salts produced from carboxylic acids?

A

The salts produced have the names based on the carboxylic acid, with the suffix -oate.

78
Q

What types of salts does ethanoic acid form?

A

ethanoate salts

79
Q

What are 2 methods of the manufacture of ethanol?

A

a. direct hydration of ethene
b. fermentation of sugars

79
Q

Advantages of direct hydration of ethene

A
  • continuous process
  • product is pure (no seperation needed)
80
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • high energy demand (fossil fuel power stations)
  • ethene comes from cracking (and alkanes need to be extracted from crude oils)
  • alkanes are non-rewnewable
81
Q

Describe the direct hydration of ethene

A
  • ethene (double bond) and water make ethanol.
  • This process requires a concentrated catalyst
    => H₂SO₄
    => H₃PO₄
  • This process requires heat (600°C)
  • This reaction makes 100% ethanol
82
Q

What is 100% ethanol used for?

A

It is used as a disinfectant/solvent

83
Q

Advantages of fermentation of sugars

A
  • sugar and fruit provide flavor
  • renewable recources
  • low energy demand
84
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation of sugars

A
  • batch process (slow)
  • product is a mixture
    => ethanol produced needs to be separated if a higher conc. is desired
85
Q

Describe the fermentation of sugars

A
  • sugar makes ethanol and carbondioxide
  • Reaction requires yeast
  • uses sugar (from fruit)
  • the max. concentration of the result is 15% because:
    => fruit is not 100% sugar
    => ethanol will kill yeast, stopping the process
    => distillation can produce more concentrated ethanol
86
Q

What is the general formula for the directy hydration of ethene?

A

ethene + water ==600°C==H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄==>
ethanol

87
Q

What are the 2 catalysts which can be used for the direct hydration of ethene?

A

H₂SO₄

OR

H₃PO₄

88
Q

What is the general fromula of the fermentation of sugars

A

sugar =yeast=> ethanol + carbon dioxide

89
Q

What is the general symbol formula of the fermentation of sugars?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ =yeast=> C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

90
Q

Ester

A

A chemical with a specific foprmula:
* any group (R) bonded to…
* a carbon…
=> double bonded to a oxygen
=> bonded to a oxygen…
* bonded to any group (except H)…
* bonded to some hydrogens

91
Q

What is a esterfication an example of?

A

esterfication is a example of a condensation reaction.

92
Q
A
93
Q

How do you make an ester?

A

Using esterfication

94
Q

What is the general equation fro esterfication?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid => ester + water

95
Q

What happens during esterfication?

A

The H (attached to the OH) from the alcohol and the OH from the carboxylic acid break apart from the (acid/alcohol) and bond together to make acid. The left over atoms from the acid and the alcohol bond to form an ester.

96
Q

What are esters used for?

A

Food flavoring

97
Q

How do you write a repeating unit of esters (if we use dialcohols and dicarboxylic acid)

A

—(–The ester without any of the H that were connected to the OH–)–n + (2n - 1) H2O

98
Q

How fast is esterfication

A

Very SLOW (days)

99
Q

How can the rate of esterfication be increased?

A
  • adding a concentrated catalyst (H2SO4)
  • increase temp. (~70ºC)
    => low bpt.
  • constant stirring
    => several of these chemical are imiscible so stiring forces them to come in contact with one another.
100
Q

What is a catalyst for esterfication (to increase rate)?

A

Concentrated H2SO4

101
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

CₙH₂ₙ ₊₁COOH

102
Q

Where can ethanoic acid be found?

A

In vinegar

103
Q

Where can methanoic acid be found?

A

In stinging ants and nettel

104
Q

Amine

A

-NH2

105
Q

Prefix of polyamides

A

amino

106
Q

How do you form a polyamide?

A

diamine + carboxylic acid => Polyamide + water

107
Q

What is a polyamide reaction very similar to?

A

An esterfication reaction

108
Q

hat are polymides used for?

A
  • Nylon
    => ropes/threads
    => fishing ropes/leggings
109
Q

Amiade group/link

A
110
Q

HWhat is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons (alkanes). Which are miscible liquids with diff. boiling pints.

111
Q

How do we seperate crude oils?

A

We seperate them into fractions using fractional distillation.

112
Q

Why do we not seperate each individual substance in crude oils?

A

Because there are so many diff. chemicals that is would take WAY too long.

113
Q

Fraction

A

A group of chemicals with a similar bpt.

114
Q

What are the steps of the industrial seperateion of oils?

A
  1. particles enter column annd most evaporate
  2. some particles have higher bpt. and remain as liquid, they sink to bottom of column.
  3. As particles rise through column they cool down and condence.
  4. the particles condence at diff. heights depending on there bpt.
    => the higher bpt, the sooner they condence.
  5. fractions are collected as liquids
115
Q

Why are oil plants dangerous?

A

Because, the oils are seperated at a high pressure and high temp (300 degrees celcius) and alkanesare higly flammeble. This is prone to explode.

116
Q

What fractions are in higher demand?

A

Lighter substances (smaller molecules) because they are more flammable.

117
Q

State the fractions of the seperation of crude oils (in order)

A
  1. Natural gas/refinery gas
  2. Petrol/gasoline
  3. Naptha
  4. Paraffin/kerosene
  5. Diessel
  6. Fuel oil
  7. Lubricating oil
  8. Bitumen
118
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Road surfacing

119
Q

What is an acranym for the order of the fractions of crude oils?

A

Never Pass Nasty Pests During Fall Lunch Break

120
Q

Uses of lubricating oil

A

Lubrication

121
Q

Uses of fuel oil

A

fuel in boats/ships

122
Q

Uses of diesel

A

fuel in trucks/lorries

123
Q

Uses of paraffin/kerosene

A

fuel in airplanes

124
Q

Uses of naptha

A

chemical feedstock

125
Q

Uses of petrol/gasoline

A

fuel for cars

126
Q
A

Chemistry IGCSE (12 decks)

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