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Chemistry IGCSE > Chapter #1 (States of Matter) > Flashcards

Chapter #1 (States of Matter) Flashcards

Particles/Physical/Chemical changes/Solubility & Temp/Separating Mixtures/Crystallization

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1
Q

What are the six changes of states?

A

(s)-(l) = melting
(l)-(g) = evaporating/boiling
(g)-(l) = condensing
(s)-(g) = depositing
(g)-(s) = Subliming

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2
Q

what is an atom?

A

Smallest unit of matter which retains its properties.

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A small group of atoms.

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4
Q

What is a ion?

A

Charged atoms or molecules.

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5
Q

What is an element?

A

Substance made of one type of atom.

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6
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substance made of two or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded.

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7
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substance made of two or more types of atoms that are NOT chemically bonded.

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8
Q

How are the particles in a solid moving?

A

The particles are vibrating.

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9
Q

How are the particles in a liquid moving?

A

The particles are sliding over each other.

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10
Q

How are the particles in a gas moving?

A

The particles are moving in random, straight lines.

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11
Q

How strong are the forces in a sloid and how is the the density in a solid?

A

The forces in a solid are strong and the density is high.

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12
Q

How strong are the forces in a liquid and how is the the density in a liquid?

A

The forces in a liquid are strong and the density is high.

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13
Q

How strong are the forces in a gas and how is the the density in a gas?

A

The forces in a gas are weak and there is low density in a gas.

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14
Q

What are the differences between physical and chemical changes?

A

Physical: The arrangement of the particles changes and it is easily reversible. the substance is the same just rearranged.

Chemical: the bonding changes and it is irreversible. New substance is made

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15
Q

What is the definition of soluble?

A

A substance that can dissolve.

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16
Q

What is the definition of insoluble?

A

A substance that can’t dissolve.

17
Q

What is the definition of solute?

A

The substance that dissolves (normally a solid).

18
Q

What is the definition of solvent?

A

The substance that the solute dissolves in (normally a liquid).

19
Q

What is the definition of saturated?

A

A mixture in which no more solute can dissolve.

20
Q

What is the definition of solution?

A

A mixture of solvent and solute.

21
Q

What is the definition of suspension?

A

An insoluble solid in a liquid.

22
Q

What is the definition of dissociate?

A

Particles separate (no longer touching).

23
Q

How is solubility measured?

A

g/1000cm3

24
Q

Does temp. affect solubility (of solids) and if so, in what way?

A

Yes, in solids the higher the temp. the higher the solubility, This is because the forces are weaker the higher the temp. So it is easier for them to dissociate.

25
Q

Does temp. affect solubility (of gases) and if so, in what way?

A

Yes, the higher the temp. the lower the solubility of gases. This is because as the temp. is increased the particles spread even farther apart.

26
Q

When do you use filtration to separate mixtures.

A

To separate an insoluble solid in a liquid (supension)

27
Q

What is the filtrate?

A

The liquid collected from filtering a mixture.

28
Q

What is the residue?

A

The solid on the filter paper.

29
Q

When do you use crystallization to separate a mixture?

A

When you want to separate a solute from a solvent.

30
Q

What is a method to measure solubility?

A
  1. Record mass of conical flask (144.10g)
  2. Measure 25.0cm3 of water into a flask
  3. Re-record the mass (168.26g)
  4. Add excess solid and leave to dissolve
  5. Use water bath to maintain temp. to dissolve.
  6. Filter mixture (problem: water remains on filter paper.)
  7. re-record mass of solution.
  8. Calculate solubility using volume of water. (175g - 168.26g = 6.74g)
31
Q

What is distillation?

A

It is a method to separate ANY solid from a liquid. but if solid is insoluble it is much easier to use filtration. When the solid is soluble and the solvent is required, we use simple distillation. Distillation can also be used if two liquids are mixed together. This is called fractional distillation.

32
Q

What are the two requirements needed for fractional distillation?

A
  1. Miscible - One liquid mixed together.
  2. Liquids have different boiling points.
33
Q

What is the method for distillation?

A
  1. solution evaporates A (with higher bpt) other solution does not evaporate as insufficient (not enough) energy is applied.
  2. Solution A particles enter junction enter junction. Temp =bpt of 1st liquid. Some of the particles lose energy and go back down, but most are in junction
  3. In the water tube…solution A particles lose energy. they slow down and start to slide over each other. spread out, not touching to touching.
  4. process continues until all solution A particles are separated.
34
Q

What is a way to separate soluble solids with the same bpt and different solubilities.

A

using chromatography.

35
Q

What is the method for chromatography?

A
  1. Place aprox. 2cm of solvent in a beaker.
  2. draw a PENCIL line aprox. 2.5 cm from bottom of chromatography paper (base line).
  3. Place one drop of mixture on base line.
  4. Stand paper in solvent and cover beaker (solvent moves upwards bcs it is attracted to paper.
  5. leave until solvent is aprox 1cm from top
  6. Draw pencil line to show distance of solvent (solvent front).
  7. Dry paper with hot plate.
36
Q

Why do the particles of the components (solute(mixture wanted to separate)) separate)

A

The particles of the components separate due to the difference in attraction to solvent particles. If there is a stronger attraction the substance is more soluble.

37
Q

How do you calculate the Rf (retention factor)

A

Rf = distance of component/distance of solvent
Then compare to lit value.

38
Q

What is a method to separate immiscible liquids?

A

Using a separating funnel.

Chemistry IGCSE (12 decks)

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