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High School Chemistry Definitions 2024 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe organic molecules

A

Molecules containing carbon atoms with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, diamond, graphite, carbonates, carbides and cyanides

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2
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing on,y carbon and hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

Saturated compound

A

A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

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4
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

A compound in which there is at least one double and/or triple bond between carbon atoms

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5
Q

Functional group

A

an atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule

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6
Q

Homologous series

A

a series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula, in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit

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7
Q

What is the functional group of alkanes?

A

Only C-H and C-C bonds

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8
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

Carbon-carbon double bond

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9
Q

What is the functional group of haloalkanes?

A

Halogen atom bonded to a saturated C atom

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10
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated C atom

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11
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxyl group

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12
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

Ester group

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13
Q

Describe a structural formula

A

Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols and lines are used to represent all the bonds between atoms.

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14
Q

Describe a condensed structural formula

A

Represents the way in which atoms are bonded, but NOT ALL bond lines are shown.

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15
Q

Describe a molecular formula

A

This is a chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each in a molecule.

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16
Q

Structural isomers

A

compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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17
Q

Describe chain isomers

A

Different type of chain structure, i.e. branching

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18
Q

Describe positional isomers

A

Different positions of the same functional group or alkyl substituent on the parent chain

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19
Q

Describe functional isomers

A

Different functional groups

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20
Q

What is the intermolecular force of all hydrocarbon molecules

A

London intermolecular forces (molecules are non-polar)

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21
Q

Why is a water bath used for gentle heating of organic reaction mixtures?

A

Many organic compounds are flammable

22
Q

What type of reaction is a combustion reaction?

A

Exothermic

23
Q

What are the general reaction types?

A
  • combustion
  • substitution
  • addition
  • elimination
  • esterification
24
Q

What are the specific types of substitution reactions?

A
  • Halogenation
  • hydrolysis
25
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Halogenation (substitution)?

A

Conversion: alkanes to haloalkanes
Reaction condition: in the presence of ultraviolet light or heat)

26
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Hydrolysis (substitution)?

A

Conversion: haloalkanes to alcohols
Reaction conditions: heat under reflux in a dilute aqueous alkali solution

27
Q

If the reaction condition is “in the presence of ultraviolet light or heat”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Halogenation (substitution)

28
Q

If the reaction condition is “heat under reflux in a dilute aqueous alkali solution”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

What are the specific types of addition reactions?

A
  • hydrogenation
  • Halogenation
    -hydrohalogenation
  • hydration
30
Q

What are the specific types of elimination reactions?

A
  • dehydrohalogenation
  • dehydration
  • cracking of hydrocarbons
31
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Halogenation (addition)?

A

Conversion: addition of a Halogen (X2; X = Cl, Br)
Reaction conditions: test for unsaturation

32
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Hydration (addition)?

A

Conversion: addition of H2O to any alkene
Reaction condition: steam and a suitable catalyst)

33
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Hydrogenation (addition)?

A

Conversion: addition of H2 to any alkene
Reaction condition: alkene dissolved in an organic solvent with a Pt, Pd or Ni caltalyst in a H2 atmosphere

34
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for Hydrohalogenation (addition)?

A

Conversion: addition of HX to any alkene ( X = halogen)
Reaction condition: no water may be present

35
Q

What is the test for unsaturation?

A

The rapid decolonisation of bromine water by an alkene at room temperature

36
Q

What is the purpose of the test for unsaturation?

A

To distinguish an alkene from an alkene (difference in Halogenation reactions)

37
Q

How is the the test for unsaturation able to distinguish alkenes from alkanes?

A

Since alkenes are more reactive than alkanes, addition reactions occur faster than substitution reactions

38
Q

If the reaction condition is “alkene dissolved in an organic solvent with a Pt, Pd or Ni catalyst in a H2 atmosphere “, what is the specific reaction?

A

Hydrogenation

39
Q

If the reaction condition is “test for unsaturation”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Halogenation (addition)

40
Q

If the reaction condition is “no water may be present”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Hydrohalogenation

41
Q

If the reaction condition is “steam and a suitable catalyst”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Hydration

42
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions for dehydrohalogenation (elimination)?

A

Conversion: elimination of HX from any haloalkane (X = halogen)
Reaction condition : hot concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent ie. in the absence of water; the amount of water produced in the second reaction is insufficient to cause hydrolysis

43
Q

What is the conversion and reaction conditions of dehydration (elimination)?

A

Conversion: elimination of H2O from any alcohol
Reaction conditions: acid catalysed dehydration- heating of alcohol with an excess of concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4

44
Q

If the reaction condition is “hot concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Dehydrohalogenation

45
Q

If the reaction condition is “heating of alcohol with an excess of concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4”, what is the specific reaction?

A

Dehydration

46
Q

What is the cracking of hydrocarbons?

A

Breaking up large alkane molecules to form a mixture of smaller and more useful alkane and alkene molecules

47
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the cracking of hydrocarbons?

A
  • thermal cracking : high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst
  • catalytic cracking : lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst
48
Q

Are combustion reactions exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

49
Q

What is esterification?

A

An acid-catalysed reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid that produces an ester and water

50
Q

What are the reaction conditions for esterification?

A

Acid catalyst and gentle heating

51
Q

What are two known products of the complete combustion of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols with excess oxygen?

A

Produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

High School Chemistry Definitions 2024 (7 decks)

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