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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

any compound formed from ONLY carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What are alkanes?

A

a homologous series which are saturated compounds where each carbon atoms form four single covalent bonds

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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4
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

Cn H2n+2

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5
Q

What happens when a hydrocarbon chain becomes shorter?

A
  • becomes more runny and less viscous
  • more volatile (lower boiling points)
  • more flammable
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6
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

hydrocarbon+oxygen–> carbon dioxide + water

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7
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a fossil fuel made up of the remains of plankton

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8
Q

How is crude oil made?

A

plankton that died millions of years ago were buried in mud and over millions of years, with high temperature and pressure, the remains turn to crude oil, which can be drilled up from the rocks.

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9
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

to separate hydrocarbon fractions

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10
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas- the gases enter a fractionating column
  2. in the column there is a temperature gradient (hot at bottom and cool at top)
  3. The longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points- they condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on when they are near the bottom Whereas the shorter hydrocarbons condense and drain out much later on at the top of column
  4. The crude oil mixture will separate out into different fractions
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11
Q

What are the different uses of crude oil?

A
  1. provides fuel for modern transport (diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and LPG)
  2. petrochemical industry uses some hydrocarbons from crude oil as feed stock to make new compounds for use in things like polymers. solvents, lubricants and detergents
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12
Q

What is cracking?

A

the splitting up of long-chain hydrocarbons

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13
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A

short-chain hydrocarbons are flammable so make good fuels and are in high demand whereas long-chain hydrocarbons form thick gloopy liquids like tar. So, cracking is used to make useful hydrocarbons

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14
Q

What are the different methods of cracking?

A
  • catalytic cracking
  • steam cracking
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15
Q

Describe the process of catalytic cracking

A
  1. heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  2. pass the vapour over a hot powered aluminium oxide catalyst
  3. The long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of the catalyst
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16
Q

Describe the process of steam cracking?

A
  1. mix the long-chain hydrocarbons with steam
  2. heat them to a very high temperature and they will split into smaller hydro-carbons
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17
Q

What are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain

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18
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated because they have fewer hydrogen molecules than alkanes

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19
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

because the carbon double bond can open up to make a single bond, allowing the two carbon atoms to react with other atoms.

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20
Q

Whats the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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21
Q

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of alkenes?

A

alkene+oxygen–> carbon+ carbon monoxide+ carbon dioxide+ water

22
Q

What does the incomplete combustion of alkenes result in?

A

a yellow smokey flame and less energy being released in comparison to the complete combustion of alkenes

23
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

when the carbon-carbon double bond opens up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon

24
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When hydrogen reacts with double-bonded carbons to open up the double bond and form the equivalent, saturated, alkane

25
Q

What is made when steam reacts with alkenes?

A

alcohols

26
Q

How is ethanol industrially produced?

A
  • ethene is mixed with steam and passed over a catalyst
  • the reaction mixture is passed from the reactor into a condenser- ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene, so condense whilst any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into the reactor
  • the alcohol is then purified from the mixture by fractional distillation
27
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A

by adding bromine water to an alkene-
if an alkene is present the solution will become colourless

28
Q

What are polymers?

A

long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers joined together

29
Q

What is necessary for polymerisation?

A
  • high pressure
  • catalyst
30
Q

What are addition polymers made up of?

A

monomers with double covalent bonds that are unsaturated

31
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

when lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

32
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

33
Q

What are the features of an alcohol?

A
  • neutral pH
  • flammable
34
Q

What are the products of the complete combustion of an alcohol?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
35
Q

What is the product of the reaction between an alcohol and sodium?

A

hydrogen

36
Q

What is produced during the oxidisation of alcohol?

A

carboxylic acid

37
Q

What are alcohols used for?

A
  • solvents in industry because they can dissolve most things water can’t
  • first four alcohols are used as fuels
38
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

sugar–> ethanol+ carbon dioxide

39
Q

What is used to convert sugar in fermentation?

A

yeast

40
Q

What conditions does fermentation occur in?

A
  • temp of 37 degrees
  • slightly acidic solution
  • anaerobic conditions
41
Q

What is the word ending for salts produced by carboxylic acids?

A

‘anoate’

41
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

‘COOH-‘

42
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A
  • they ionise it and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution . But, when they don’t ionise completely, they just form weak acidic solutions.
43
Q

How are Esters formed?

A

from and alcohol and a carboxylic acid and an acid catalyst is used to speed up the reaction

44
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of esters?

A

alcohol+carboxylic acids–>
ester+water

45
Q

Describe condensation polymerisation

A
  1. monomers with different functional groups react together and bonds form between them making polymer chains
  2. For each new bond that forms, a small molecule is lost (water)
46
Q

What are the differences between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A

ADDITION:
- only one monomer type containing a C=C bond
- only one product is formed
- carbon-carbon double bond in the monomer
CONDENSATION:
- two types of products
- two reactive groups on each monomer

47
Q

What are the two different functional groups in an amino acid?

A
  • a basic amino group
  • an acidic carboxyl group
48
Q

What polymers do amino acids form and how?

A

polypeptides via condensation polymerisation

49
Q

What are some examples of naturally occurring polymers?

A
  • amino acids
  • proteins
  • simple sugars
  • DNA molecules
50
Q

What molecules do simple sugars contain?

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen

Chemistry (7 decks)

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