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CHEM 2.0 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a finite resource found in rocks and is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud; a mixture of a very large number of compounds

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2
Q

what is crude oil mainly made of?

A

hydrocarbons

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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

a molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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4
Q

what is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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5
Q

what is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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6
Q

list the first four members of alkanes

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane

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7
Q

what are the features of the alkane homologous series?

A
  • formula differ by CH₂
  • same general formula
  • similar chemical formula
  • BP increases as chain length increases
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8
Q

what are the features of the alkene homologous series?

A
  • unsaturated
  • the double carbon bond is the functional group
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9
Q

what is the functional group?

A

reactive part of a formula

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10
Q

why can’t methene (1 carbon alkene) exist?

A

it can’t form the double carbon bond required to be an alkene

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11
Q

list the first four members of alkenes

A

ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), butene (C₄H₈), pentene (C₅H₁₀)

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12
Q

how many bonds does each carbon atom in an alkene form?

A

4

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of reaction that alkenes undergo?

A

combustion and addition

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14
Q

what happens when alkenes undergo combustion?

A

it is usually incomplete and a smoky flame can be observed

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15
Q

what happens in addition reactions with alkenes?

A

the double bond breaks to form a single bond and atoms are added to bond with the carbons

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16
Q

what are the conditions required for the addition of alkenes with halogens?

A

no conditions required; RTP

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17
Q

what is the word equation for the addition of alkenes with halogens?

A

halogen + alkene => halogenalkane

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18
Q

what happens in the addition of alkenes with halogens?

A

1 halogen atom will go on each carbon atom that was previously in the double bond

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19
Q

what are the conditions required for the addition of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

nickel catalyst

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20
Q

what is the word equation for the addition of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

alkene + hydrogen ⇒ alkane

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21
Q

what are the conditions for the addition of alkenes with water?

A

acid catalyst, high temp, high pressure

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22
Q

what is the word equation for the addition of alkenes with water?

A

alkene + water ⇒ alcohol

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23
Q

what happens in the addition of alkenes with water?

A

one hydrogen atom goes on one carbon from the double bond, the OH (functional group) will go on the other

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24
Q

are alkanes or alkenes unreactive?

A

alkanes are unreactive whereas alkenes are reactive

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25
Q

what is the test for alkenes?

A

bromine water (reacts with alkenes not alkanes) changes orange to colourless

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26
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated

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27
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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28
Q

what does saturated mean??

A

A molecule containing only single bonds between carbon atoms

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29
Q

what is cracking?

A

the breaking down of larger alkane hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones

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30
Q

what are the 2 types of cracking?

A

steam and catalytic

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31
Q

what does steam cracking require??

A

requires high temp and steam

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32
Q

what does catalytic cracking require??

A

requires high temp and catalysts

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33
Q

what do the products of cracking include?

A

alkenes and alkanes

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34
Q

what are the uses of products of cracking?

A
  • high demand for alkanes with small molecules so some of the products are useful as fuels
  • alkenes used to produce polymers and as starting materials for production of other chemicals
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35
Q

how do you write equations for the products of cracking?

A
  • sum of carbons and hydrogens must be equal on each side
  • both alkenes and alkanes produced
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36
Q

what happens as chain length of hydrocarbons increases?

A
  • BP increase
  • viscosity increases
  • flammability decreases (as, to burn, it needs to be a gas or evaporate easily)
37
Q

what is the equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

fuel + oxygen ⇒ carbon dioxide + water

38
Q

what is the equation for the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

fuel + oxygen ⇒ carbon monoxide + water

39
Q

what is a fraction?

A

mixture of molecules with a similar BP and similar number of carbon atoms

40
Q

what are the fractions produced from fractional distillation of crude oil hydrocarbons?

A

Real Gasoline Keeps Dirty Fuel Bitchin’
- refinery gases
- gasoline
- kerosene
- diesel
- fuel oil
- bitumen

41
Q

what are refinery gases?

A

bottled gas

42
Q

what is gasoline used for?

A

fuel for cars

43
Q

what is kerosene used for?

A

fuel for aeroplanes

44
Q

what is diesel used for?

A

fuel for vans and trucks

45
Q

what is fuel oil used for?

A

fuel for ships and power stations

46
Q

how does the viscosity of fractions produced from fractional distillation of crude oil hydrocarbons change going down the column?

A

it increases

47
Q

what is bitumen used for?

A

used to lay roads

48
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil hydrocarbons

A
  • crude oil heated and evaporates to vapour
  • vapour is fed in near bottom of column
  • column is kept very hot at bottom and cooler near top
  • crude oil enters as mixture of gases with different BP
  • gases move up column and condense at different heaights
  • hydrocarbons with highest BP (larger molecules) condense near bottom
  • hydrocarbons with lowest BP (smaller molecules) condense near top
49
Q

what are the properties and features of alcohols?

A
  • contain the functional group -OH
  • can be represented as C₂H₅OH to show the functional group
  • miscible with water to form neutral solutions
  • can be used as solvent as can dissolve organic substances - so are often used in perfumes
  • small chain alcohols can be used as foods
  • ethanol is main alcohol in alcoholic drinks
50
Q

list the first 4 alcohols

A
  • methanol (CH₄O or CH₃OH)
  • ethanol (C₂H₆O or C₂H₅OH)
  • propanol (C₃H₈O or C₃H₇OH)
  • butanol (C₄H₁₀O or C₄H₉OH)
51
Q

describe the combustion of alcohols

A
  • undergo complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • burn with a blue flame
52
Q

alcohol + Na -> ?

A

salt + H2

53
Q

what happens in the reaction between sodium and an alcohol?

A

can see fizzing but this is less then when Na reacts with water, as Na sinks in ethanol but floats on water (less dense)

54
Q

alcohol + O2 -> ?

A

carboxylic acid

55
Q

what are the 2 ways that alcohols can be oxidised?

A
  • react with oxygen in the air
  • by reacting with an oxidising agent
56
Q

what is potassium dichromate?

A

an oxidising agent; orange but turns green in alcohol and is used in roadside breathalysers

57
Q

alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ?

A

ester

58
Q

what is an example of an ester?

A

ethyl ethanoate

59
Q

what are the requirements for the reaction of alcohol with a carboxylic acid?

A

a sulfuric acid catalyst and heat

60
Q

what are the conditions required for making ethanol using fermentation?

A
  • sugars are aqueous
  • yeast (catalyst) is added
  • mixture is kept at 30-37 degrees C which is the optimum temp for yeast and prevents it denaturing
  • anaerobic - if oxygen is present, the ethanol could oxidise to form ethanoic acid
61
Q

what kind of process is making alcohol through fermentation?

A

reaction takes a few days so is a batch process

62
Q

what is the symbol equation for making ethanol through fermentation?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ ⇒ 2C₂H₅OH (aq) + CO₂

63
Q

how do you purify ethanol in fermentation?

A

must be separated from yeast and water solution using filtration then fractional distillation (a bunsen burner can’t be used to separate water and ethanol as ethanol is flammable - use an electric heater)

64
Q

how is ethanol made using hydration?

A

ethene (from crude oil) is reacted with steam to form pure ethanol

65
Q

compare using hydration and fermentation to make ethanol

A
  • hydration has 100% atom economy
  • hydration is quicker than fermentation but needs harsher conditions
  • hydration is less labour intensive than fermentation
66
Q

what are the features of carboxylic acids?

A
  • functional group -COOH
  • weak acids
67
Q

list the first 4 carboxylic acids

A
  • methanoic acid (HCOOH)
  • ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH)
  • propanoic acid (C₂H₅COOH)
  • butanoic acid (C₃H₇COOH)
68
Q

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate ⇒

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide (neutralisation)

69
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇒

A

ester + water (required sulfuric acid catalyst)

70
Q

why is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a metal carbonate slow?

A

they are weak acids

71
Q

what are esters used for?

A

have fruity smells so are used in: solvents in perfumes and fruity flavourings

72
Q

what is condensation polymerisation?

A

formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules joining together with another small molecule produced as well

73
Q

dicarboxylic acid + dialcohol (same functional group of OH) =>

A

a polyester + water

74
Q

what is the ester link?

A

O-C=O

75
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

many monomers joining together to form very large molecules (polymers) where the double bonds open up

76
Q

why, in addition polymers, does the repeating unit have the same atoms as the monomer?

A

no other molecule is formed in the reaction

77
Q

what are amino acids?

A

molecules which have at least two functional groups.

78
Q

what are starch and cellulose?

A

carbohydrate polymers made from the monomer glucose

79
Q

what are proteins?

A

polymers made from the monomer amino acids

80
Q

what functional groups do all amino acids have?

A

-NH2 group and the carboxylic acid group -COOH

81
Q

what is the H-N-H functional group?

A

functional group in amino acids which reacts with acids

82
Q

what is the O=C-O-H functional group?

A

carboxylic acids functional group found in amino acids which reacts with bases

83
Q

what do amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to produce?

A

polypeptides

84
Q

Amino acids react by condensation polymerisation which means what??

A

for every monomer which is added to the growing polymer chain, one molecule of water is also produced.

85
Q

In addition polymerisation, the monomers must have a what bond?

A

C=C double bond

86
Q

in condensation polymerisation, the monomers need what?

A

do not need a C=C double bond but they do need two functional groups.

87
Q

what is the peptide link?

A

the amide linkage that forms between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid: O=C-N-H

88
Q

what is DNA?

A
  • 2 polymer chains
  • 4 different monomers/nucleotides
  • double helix
  • formed by condensation polymerisation

CHEM 2.0 (14 decks)

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