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iGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the fractions of crude oil?
(Low BP to High BP)

A

Refinery Gases
Gasoline
Kerosine
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Bitumen

(Rich, Girls, Kiss, Dumb, Football, Boys)

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2
Q

What are Refinery gases used for?

A

Heating and cooking

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3
Q

What is Gasoline used for?

A

Cars

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4
Q

What is Kerosene used for?

A

Planes

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5
Q

What is Diesel used for?

A

Lorries

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6
Q

What is Fuel Oil used for?

A

Ships

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7
Q

What is Bitumen used for?

A

Tarmac

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8
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

An element made up of only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms

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9
Q

How does Fractional Distillation work?

A
  1. Heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. Vapours rise until they reach their boiling boing, when they condense
  3. Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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10
Q

What are the temperatures for each fraction?

A

Refinery Gases - -50
Gasoline - 50-100
Kerosene - 180-220
Diesel - 220-250
Fuel oil - 250-350
Bitumen - 350+

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11
Q

What are the chain lengths for each fraction?

A

C1 - C4
C5 - C10
C10 - C16
C14 - C20
C50 - C70
C70+

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

What is the formula for Methane?

A

CH4

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14
Q

What is the formula for Ethane?

A

C2H6

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15
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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16
Q

What is the formula for Butane?

A

C4H10

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17
Q

What is the formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

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18
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different displayed formula

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of homologous series?

A

Similar chemical properties
Trends in physical properties
Same general formula

20
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio

21
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is an excess of oxygen

22
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and Water

23
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is not enough oxygen

24
Q

What are the products produced in incomplete combustion?
What are the dangers of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- A toxic gas
- Attaches to haemoglobin and lower oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Soot (C)
- causes lung disease

25
Q

What are the three pollutants released in the combustion of alkanes and what are the dangers?

A

Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gas, traps heat in the atmosphere and causes global warming

Nitrogen Oxides
When nitrogen from the air combusts
Forms acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life and plants

Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur impurities in the fuel combust
Dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain

26
Q

What happens when Halides react with Alkanes?

A
  1. Substition reaction - H is swapped with Br
  2. The reaction requires UV light
27
Q

What is cracking?

A

A long chain of alkanes are broken down to produce smaller chains of alkanes

28
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

Shorter chains are more useful
Shorter chains are in demand and supply is limited

29
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A

Temperature - 650C
Catalyst - Aluminium Oxide

30
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

31
Q

What are unsaturated molecules?

A

Molecules contains double bonds

32
Q

What are saturated molecules?

A

Molecules containing single bonds between carbon atoms

33
Q

Formula for…
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

A

C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10

34
Q

Describe the reaction between Br and alkenes

A
  1. Bromine is an orange/yellow solution
  2. Shake solution with bromine
  3. Mixture turns orange to colourless in the presence of an unsaturated molecule (alkene)
  4. Addition Reaction
  5. Does not need a UV light because alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
35
Q

what is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long chain of molecule made up of monomers

36
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a small reactive alkene

37
Q

What is addition polymers?

A

Molecules with C=C bonds add into long chains

38
Q

What are the four common polymers?

A

Poly(ethene)
Poly(propene)
Poly(chloroethene)
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)

39
Q

What are the uses and properties of poly(ethene)

A

Properties
- electrically insulating
- flexible

Use
- Plastic bottles
- Plastic bags

40
Q

What are the properties and uses of Poly(propene)?

A

Properties
- strong
- flexible

Uses
- Climbing Ropes
- Storage boxes

41
Q

What are the properties and uses of Poly(chloroethene)?

A

Properties
- Long-Lasting
- Tough

Uses
- Wire insulation
- Drain pipes

42
Q

What are the properties and uses of Poly(tetrafluoroethene) ?

A

Properties
- tough
- non stick
- resistant to high temp

Uses
- Non-stick coating

43
Q

What are the four disposal options polymers?

A
  1. Re-use it
  2. Recycle
  3. Incinerate/destroy
  4. Landfill
44
Q

Test for Alkane

A
  1. Add Bromine water and shake
    1. Under UV light
    2. Orange — colourless
45
Q

Testing for alkene

A
  1. Add bromine water and shake
    1. Orange — colourless
46
Q

Type of reaction with an alkane and bromine

A

Substitution

47
Q

Type of reaction with an alkene and bromine

A

Addition

iGCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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