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Chemistry - Paper 2 > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

how is crude oil formed

A

over millions of years from the remains of ancient biomass

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3
Q

what are the alkanes

A

hydrocarbons that only have single bonds

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4
Q

what are the first 4 alkanes

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane

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5
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

C n H 2n+2

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6
Q

how does boiling point depend on the chain length

A

longer there chain, higher the flammability

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7
Q

how does viscosity depend on chain length

A

longer the chain, higher the viscosity

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8
Q

how does flammability depend on chain length

A

longer the chain, lower the flammability

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9
Q

how can the different alkanes in crude oil be separated

A

fractional distillation

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10
Q

what is a fraction

A

a group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths

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11
Q

name 3 useful fuels produced from fractional distillation

A

petrol, diesel oil, kerosene

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12
Q

name 4 useful materials produced from crude oil fractions

A

solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents

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13
Q

what is cracking

A

breaking down a hydrocarbon with a long chain into smaller molecules

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14
Q

name 2 methods to carry out cracking

A

steam cracking and catalytic cracking

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15
Q

what are the products of cracking

A

short chain alkenes and alkanes

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16
Q

what are alkenes

A

hydrocarbons with a double bond

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17
Q

what are alkenes used for

A

formation of polymers

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18
Q

describe the reactivity of alkenes compares to alkanes

A

alkenes are much more reactive

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19
Q

how can you test for alkenes

A

alkenes turn orange bromine water colourless

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20
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a group of compounds with the same functional group

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21
Q

what is a functional group

A

a group of atoms that determines the properties of a compound

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22
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

C n H 2n

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23
Q

what is the product from an addition reaction of an alkene with a halogen

A

a haloalkene

24
Q

what is the product from the addition reaction of an alkene with hydrogen

A

alkane

25
Q

what conditions are required for the addition reaction of an alkene with steam

A

high temps, high pressure and a catalyst

26
Q

what are alcohols

A

a homologous series with an OH group

27
Q

how are alcohols produced

A

steam with alkene or fermentation

28
Q

what conditions are required to produce alcohols be fermenting

A

sugar solution with yeast mixed in, warm, sealed vessel

29
Q

name the first 4 alcohols

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

30
Q

what are the products of a reaction between an alcohol and sodium

A

hydrogen and alkoxide

31
Q

what is the organic product formed by the oxidation of an alcohol

A

carboxylic acid

32
Q

name an oxidising agent

A

acidified potassium dichromate

33
Q

what are carboxylic acids

A

a homologous series with a COOH group

34
Q

what do carboxylic acids form when they react with sodium carbonate

A

salt, carbon dioxide, water

35
Q

how are carboxylic acids produced

A

oxidation of alcohols

36
Q

name the first 4 carboxylic acids

A

methanol acid, ethnic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid

37
Q

what is the organic product of a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

A

an ester

38
Q

what catalyst is normally used in the formation of esters

A

concentrated sulfuric acid

39
Q

what occurs when pure carboxylic acids are added to water

A

weak acid is formed

40
Q

what are monomers

A

small molecules that join together to form a long chain

41
Q

what is a polymer

A

a very long molecule made of repeating units

42
Q

what is a repeating unit

A

the smallest part of a polymer that repeats itself throughout the chain

43
Q

what is polymerisation

A

a reaction that turns multiple monomers into polymers

44
Q

what are the two types of polymerisation

A

addition and condensation

45
Q

what kind of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation

A

monomers with 2 functional groups

46
Q

what other products are made in condensation polymerisation

A

water

47
Q

what does n represent in an equation showing polymerisation

A

a very large number

48
Q

what is a natural polymer

A

a polymer that is produced naturally by organisms

49
Q

give 4 examples of natural polymers

A

polypeptides, starch, cellulose and DNA

50
Q

what are amino acids

A

the building blocks for polypeptides and proteins which have an amine and a carboxylic acid group

51
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

a polymer made from many amino acids

52
Q

what is a protein

A

a polymer made form amino acids

53
Q

which monomer makes up starch and cellulose

A

glucose

54
Q

what is DNA

A

a molecule containing genetic information

55
Q

which monomers are DNA made of

A

nucleotides

56
Q

how is DNA arranged

A

double helix

Chemistry - Paper 2 (5 decks)

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