Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

general formula

A

-an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

empirical formula

A

-the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

molecular formula

A

-the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

displayed formula

A

-shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structural formula

A

-shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homologous series

A

-a group of compound that can all be represented by the same general formula
-members of the homologues series show similar chemical properties and a gradation in physical properties such as boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms that determined how a compound typically reacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

isomer

A

two molecules which the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is crude oil separated into fractions in industry

A

-fractional distillation
-crude oil is heated up
-fractions with the lower boiling points evaporate
-fractions vaporise and condense according to their boiling points
-fractions with lower boiling points condense first and fractions with a higher boiling point condense later
-fractions are collected in different trays, separating them into fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

order of fractions

A

-refinery gases(lowest bpt, most volatile, flows the most easily and ignites the most easily)
-gasoline
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-fuel oil
-Bitumen(highest bpt, least volatile, flows the least easily and ignites the least easily)
Really Good Kids Don’t Fight Back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

uses of refinery gases

A

-bottled gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

use of gasoline

A

-fuel for cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

use of kerosene

A

-aircraft fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

use of diesel

A

-fuel for cars, lorries and buses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

use of fuel oil

A

-fuel for ships, power stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

use of Bitumen

A

-bitumen for roads and roofs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is cracking useful in the oil industry

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

conditions for cracking

A

-> 600-700 degrees (C)
-> Silica (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is cracking

A

-breaking molecules down into simpler molecules by heating them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is incomplete combustion dangerous

A

-incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and carbon in the form of soot
-carbon monoxide can bind very tightly to haemoglobin and stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body
-the lack of oxygen in the blood supply to the brain can lead to fainting, a coma or even death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

A

-fractions obtained from crude oil are burnt as fuels
-sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide may be produced when they are burnt
-sulfur dioxide comes from sulfur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels
-nitrogen oxides are created when the temperature is high enough for the nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react(often happens in car engines
-sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in clouds they form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid
-the rain that falls from these clouds in called acid rains
-acid rain causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what condition is needed for a reaction of a halogen and an alkane

A

-ultraviolet light

23
Q

why is cracking useful

A

-breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons which are more useful as fuels
-alkenes are also formed, which can be used in polymerisation and can be used in the hydration of ethene to form ethanol

24
Q

test for alkene

A

-shake solution with bromine water
-if the solution becomes colourless, solution is an alkene as it makes dibromoalkane which is colourless
-if solution is alkane solution remains orange as alkanes have double bonds so they don’t react

25
Q

functional group of alcohol

A

-OH

26
Q

reaction conditions of hydration of ethene

A

-temp of 300C and pressure of 60-70 atmospheres
-catalyst” phosphoric acid

27
Q

conditions of fermentation of glucose

A

-30C
-anaerobic
-yeast(catalyst)

28
Q

why must fermentation occur in anaerobic conditions

A

-In the presence of air (aerobic conditions), enzymes in the yeast produce carbon dioxide and water instead of ethanol.

-Also, in the presence of air, the ethanol can oxidise to ethanoic acid.

29
Q

what is meant by unsaturated

A

contains double bond

30
Q

problems in the disposal of addition polymers

A

-Polymers are inert (unreactive) as they have strong C-C bonds.

-This makes them non-biodegradeable.

-if burnt the addition polymers could produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.

31
Q

Physical properties of shorter chain hydrocarbons compared to longer chain hydrocarbons

A

-less viscous
-more volatile, lower boiling point
-more flammable and easier to ignite
-used in fuels

32
Q

Combustion reaction symbol equation

A

Cn+H2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 -> nCO2 + n+1H2O

33
Q

What does a reaction between alkenes and halogens form

A

Haloalkanes

34
Q

Benefits of production of ethanol from fermentation

A

-no oil needed
-all renewable resources
-cheaper as lower temperature and pressure is needed

35
Q

Negatives of fermentation

A

-slow
-lots of land needed
-impure product(helpful when pure than oil is not needed e.g. beer

36
Q

Benefits of hydration of ethene

A

-continuous, can be done on a large scale
-pure ethanol produced

37
Q

Negatives of hydration of ethene

A

-oil is needed; non-renewable resource
-very pure product?
-expensive

38
Q

Bioethanol

A

Ethanol produced from plants such as sugar cane or maize used as an alternative to petroleum

39
Q

What are polymers made of

A

Monomers

40
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH
Carboxyl

41
Q

Naming pattern of carboxylic acid

A

Alkan + oic acid

42
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal

A

Salt and hydrogen

43
Q

Carbonate + carboxylic acid

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

44
Q

What reacts to make esters

A

Alcohols and carboxylic acids in an esterification reaxtion

45
Q

Uses of esters

A

Food flavourings and perfumes

46
Q

What conditions are required in esterification reactions

A

Sulfuric acid

47
Q

Pattern for naming esters

A

-First part indicates length of carbon chain in alcohol, ending in ‘-yl’
-second part indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid, ending with ‘-oate’

48
Q

Method to prepare ethyl ethanoate

A
  1. A mixture of ethanoic acid, ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid is gently heated by either a water bath or an electric heater(ethanol is flammable, so a Bunsen burner can’t be used
  2. The ester is then distilled off as soon as it is formed and collected in a separate beaker by condensation
  3. As esters have low boiling points (they are volatile), they are the first to evaporate from the reaction mixture. Removing them from the mixture by distillation prevents the reverse reaction from occurring
49
Q

When are condensation polymers formed

A

When two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water

50
Q

Difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

-addition polymerisation forms the polymer occult only
-condensation polymerisation forms the polymer molecule and one water molecule per linkage

51
Q

What functional groups do the monomers of condensation polymers have

A

Two functional groups, one at each end

52
Q

What is the structure of a condensation polymer

A

-alternating monomers and water at the end

53
Q

How is the water molecule formed in condensation polymer

A

It takes OH from the dicarboxylic acid and hydrogen from the diol

54
Q

General formula of carboxylic acid

A

Cn+H(2n+1)COOH

Chemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions