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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

general formula

A

-an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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2
Q

empirical formula

A

-the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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3
Q

molecular formula

A

-the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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4
Q

displayed formula

A

-shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

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5
Q

structural formula

A

-shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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6
Q

homologous

A

-a group of compound that can all be represented by the same general formula
-members of the homologues series show similar chemical properties and a gradation in physical properties such as boiling point

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7
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms that determined how a compound typically reacts

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8
Q

isomer

A

two molecules which the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula

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9
Q

how is crude oil separated into fractions in industry

A

-fractional distillation
-crude oil is heated up
-fractions with the lower boiling points evaporate
-fractions vaporise and condense according to their boiling points
-fractions with lower boiling points condense first and fractions with a higher boiling point condense later
-fractions are collected in different trays, separating them into fractions

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10
Q

order of fractions

A

-refinery gases(lowest bpt, most volatile, flows the most easily and ignites the most easily)
-gasoline
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-fuel oil
-Bitumen(highest bpt, least volatile, flows the least easily and ignites the least easily)
Really Good Kids Don’t Fight Back

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11
Q

uses of refinery gases

A

-bottled gas

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12
Q

use of gasoline

A

-fuel for cars

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13
Q

use of kerosene

A

-aircraft fuel

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14
Q

use of diesel

A

-fuel for cars, lorries and buses

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15
Q

use of fuel oil

A

-fuel for ships, power stations

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16
Q

use of Bitumen

A

-bitumen for roads and roofs

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17
Q

why is cracking useful in the oil industry

A

-

18
Q

conditions for cracking

A

-> 600-700 degrees (C)
-> Silica (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3

19
Q

what is cracking

A

-breaking molecules down into simpler molecules by heating them

20
Q

why is incomplete combustion dangerous

A

-incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide and carbon in the form of soot
-carbon monoxide can bind very tightly to haemoglobin and stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body
-the lack of oxygen in the blood supply to the brain can lead to fainting, a coma or even death

21
Q

how is acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

A

-fractions obtained from crude oil are burnt as fuels
-sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide may be produced when they are burnt
-sulfur dioxide comes from sulfur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels
-nitrogen oxides are created when the temperature is high enough for the nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react(often happens in car engines
-sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in clouds they form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid
-the rain that falls from these clouds in called acid rains
-acid rain causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result

22
Q

what condition is needed for a reaction of a halogen and an alkane

A

-ultraviolet light

23
Q

why is cracking useful

A

-breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons which are more useful as fuels
-alkenes are also formed, which can be used in polymerisation and can be used in the hydration of ethene to form ethanol

24
Q

test for alkene

A

-shake solution with bromine water
-if the solution becomes colourless, solution is an alkene as it makes dibromoalkane which is colourless
-if solution is alkane solution remains orange as alkanes have double bonds so they don’t react

25
Q

functional group of alcohol

A

-OH

26
Q

reaction conditions of hydration of ethene

A

-temp of 300C and pressure of 60-70 atmospheres
-catalyst” phosphoric acid

27
Q

conditions of fermentation of glucose

A

-30C
-anaerobic
-yeast(catalyst)

28
Q

why must fermentation occur in anaerobic conditions

A

-In the presence of air (aerobic conditions), enzymes in the yeast produce carbon dioxide and water instead of ethanol.

-Also, in the presence of air, the ethanol can oxidise to ethanoic acid.

29
Q

what is meant by unsaturated

A

contains double bond

30
Q

how does impurities in crude oils results in the formation of sulfur dioxide when combusted

A

-These fuels are hydrocarbons, but also include impurities such as sulfur.

-When the fuels are burned, sulfur dioxide is produced which can escape into the atmosphere

31
Q

problems in the disposal of addition polymers

A

-Polymers are inert (unreactive) as they have strong C-C bonds.

-This makes them non-biodegradeable.

-if burnt the addition polymers could produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.

32
Q

why is incomplete combustion dangeros

A

-if there is not enough oxygen for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can be produced
-carbon monoxide can combine with red blood cells and stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body

33
Q

Physical properties of shorter chain hydrocarbons compared to longer chain hydrocarbons

A

-less viscous
-more volatile, lower boiling point
-more flammable and easier to ignite
-used in fuels

34
Q

Explain what happens to bromine water when reacted with bromine water

A

-the C=C bond breaks, and a bromine atom is added to each of the carbon atoms
-bromine is part of a new compound, which is colourless, therefore it loses its colour and becomes colourless(dibromoalkane)

35
Q

Combustion reaction symbol equation

A

Cn+H2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 -> nCO3 + n+1H2O

36
Q

What does a reaction between alkenes and halogens form

A

Haloalkanes

37
Q

Benefits of production of ethanol from fermentation

A

-no oil needed
-all renewable resources
-cheaper as lower temperature and pressure is needed

38
Q

Negatives of fermentation

A

-slow
-lots of land needed
-impure product(helpful when pure than oil is not needed e.g. beer

39
Q

Benefits of hydration of ethene

A

-continuous, can be done on a large scale
-pure ethanol produced

40
Q

Negatives of hydration of ethene

A

-oil is needed; non-renewable resource
-very pure product?

41
Q

Bioethanol

A

Ethanol produced from plants such as sugar cane or maize used as an alternative to petroleum

42
Q

What are polymers made of

A

Monomers

Chemistry (7 decks)

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