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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Mnemonic for the different fractions of distilled petroleum

A

Real Great & Noble Kings Don’t Forget Ladies Birthdays

Refinery gas
Gasoline(petrol)
Kerosene Gas
Disel Oil
Fuel oil,Lubricating oil
Bitumen

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2
Q

Sources of Hydrocarbons

A

Natural gas and petroleum

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic Compunds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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4
Q

Petroleum

A

a complex mixture of alkanes and ringed hydrocarbons

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5
Q

Natural Gas

A

a misture of methane with small amounts of ethane propane and butane

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6
Q

two types of cracking are:

A

-Thermal cracking -Catalytic cracking

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6
Q

importance of cracking hydrocarbons

A

the larger molecules produced duringg fractionanl distillation pf petroleum can be broken downinto smaller more useful hydrocarbons

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6
Q

Difference between thermal and catalytic cracking

A

Thermal cracking uses temperatures of about 750 deg C and pressures of about 70atm. Catalytic cracking uses lower temperatures, about 500 degC and much lower pressures in the presence of a catalyst

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7
Q

the 4 homologus groups in organic chemistry

A

alkanes alkenes alcohols(or Alkanols) Carboxylic acids or alkanoic acids

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8
Q

The functional group in alkanoic acids

A

COOH(carboxyl)

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9
Q

The functional group in the alkanols

A

OH(hydroxyl group)

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10
Q

The functional grouo of Alkene

A

aCarbon to Carbon Double Bond

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11
Q

Generla Formula
Alkane
Alkene
Alchol
Carboxyl

A

CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n+1OH
CnH2n+1COOH

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12
Q

Characteries of a Homologus Series

A

All members of the series have the same functional group

All member can be represented by the sme generla formula

Each memebr of the sries differs by a CH2 group

All members of a series posses similar cgemical properties

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13
Q

what is a structural ismer

A

Structural Isomers are compunds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formual

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14
Q

what is structural isomerism

A

Structual isomerism is the occurence of two or more organic compunds with the same molecular formula but duufferent structura formuka

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15
Q

Alkanes are_____hydrocarbons

A

saturated

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16
Q

Alkenes are______hydrocarboms

A

unsaturated

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17
Q

Why are alkanes relatively unreactive?

A

Alkanes are relatively unreactive because the carbon-carbon single bonds in their molecules are strong and not easily broken.

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18
Q

What happens when alkanes burn in air or oxygen?

A

Compustion resction of alkanes
Alkanes burn easilty in air or oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as steam. They burn with clear, blue, non-smoky flames because they have a low ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in their molecules
CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O
(g)
​

This reaction is exothermis producing large amounts of energy

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19
Q

Describe the substitution reactions of alkanes with halogens

A

Under the correct conditions, alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens, where hydrogen atoms in the alkane molecules are replaced by halogen atoms such as chlorine or bromine.

For the reaction to occur, energy in the form of light is required; ultraviolet lightworks best

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20
Q

Give an example of a substitution reaction

A

In bright light, methane reacts with chlorine to form
monochloromethane,
CH4(g)​+Cl2(g)​→CH3​Cl(g)​+HCl(g)​
dichloromethane,
CH3Cl(g)+Cl2(g)→CH2Cl2(g)+HCl(g)
trichloromethane
CH2Cl2(g)+Cl2(g)→CHCl3(g)+HCl
tetrachloromethane
CHCl3(g)+Cl2(g)→CCl4(l)+HCl

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21
Q

What is the overall reaction for the substitution of methane with chlorine?

A

The overall reaction is CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g).

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22
Q

Uses of Alkanes

A

Fuel
-they burn easily
-release a large amount of energy during combustion

Alkanes are used as solvents
-Alkanes are non polar

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23
Q

How does the color of bromine change during its reaction with alkanes?

A

The solution stays red-brown, and no reaction occurs between the alkane and bromine under normal laboratory conditions.
ONLY IN UV LIGHT

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24
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons because they each contain one carbon-carbon double bond. The presence of this double bond as their functional group makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes.

25
Q

What happens when alkenes burn in air or oxygen?

A

Alkenes burn in air or oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as steam. They burn with smoky yellow flames because they have a higher ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in their molecules than alkanes. Not all the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and the unreacted carbon remains, giving the flames a yellow, smoky appearance. The reactions are exothermic.
C2​H4​(g)+3O2​(g)→2CO2​(g)+2H2​O(g)

26
Q

Describe the addition of hydrogen to alkenes.

A

Alkenes undergo addition of hydrogen with the help of a nickel catalyst under high pressure and temperature to form alkanes.
C2​H4​(g)+H2​(g)→C2​H6​(g)

27
Q

Describe the addition of halogens to alkenes.

A

Alkenes undergo addition of halogens such as chlorine gas or bromine vapor to form haloalkanes.
C2​H4​(g)+Br2​(g)→C2​H4​Br2​(l)

28
Q

Describe the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes.

A

Alkenes undergo addition of hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide to form haloalkanes.
C2​H4​(g)+HCl(g)→C2​H5​Cl(l)

29
Q

Describe the addition of water to alkenes.

A

Alkenes undergo addition of water in the form of steam with the presence of phosphoric acid as a catalyst to form alcohols.
C2​H4​(g)+H2​O(g)→C2​H5​OH(l)

30
Q

What happens when acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is added to an alkane?

A

The solution stays purple, and no reaction occurs between the alkane and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.

31
Q

What happens when bromine solution is added to an alkene?

A

The solution rapidly changes color from red-brown to colorless, i

32
Q

What happens when acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is added to an alkene?

A

The solution rapidly changes color from purple to colorless

33
Q

use of alkenes

A

produce ethanl and other alchol

34
Q

What are the general physical properties of alcohols?

A

Alcohol molecules are polar due to the polar -OH group. so they are soluble in water

Their boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.

35
Q

What happens when ethanol burns in air or oxygen?

A

Ethanol burns in air or oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as steam. It burns with a clear, blue, non-smoky flame because of the low ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in the molecules. The reaction is exothermic.
C2​H5​OH(l)+3O2​(g)→2CO2​(g)+3H2​O(g)

36
Q

How does ethanol react with sodium?

A

Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa) and hydrogen.
2C2​H5​OH(l)+2Na(s)→2C2​H5​ONa(alc sol)+H2​(g)

37
Q

What happens during the dehydration of ethanol?

A

Ethanol can be dehydrated to ethene by heating it at about 170°C with excess concentrated sulfuric acid, acting as a catalyst,
C2​H5​OH(l)→C2​H4​(g)+H2​O(g)

38
Q

How does ethanol undergo oxidation?

A

thanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid when heated with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution or acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.
C2​H5​OH(l)+2[O]→CH3​COOH(aq)+H2​O(l)

39
Q

How is ethanol produced by fermentation of carbohydrates?

A

Ethanol can be produced by fermenting carbohydrates using yeast under anaerobic conditions. Yeast breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, mainly glucose, which is then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the enzyme zymase.

C6​H12​O6​(aq)→2C2​H5​OH(aq)+2CO2​(g)

40
Q

How is wine produced?

A

Yeast is added to crushed grapes to ferment the sugars present. Air should not come into contact with the wine to prevent aerobic bacteria from oxidizing ethanol to ethanoic acid, causing the wine to sour.

41
Q

Reaction between aqueous ethanoic acid and a reactive metal.

A

Ethanoic acid reacts with reactive metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
Ca(s)+2CH3​COOH(aq)→(CH3​COO)2​Ca(aq)+H2​(g)

42
Q

Reaction between aqueous ethanoic acid and a metal oxide.

A

Ethanoic acid reacts with metal oxides to form a salt and water. \
MgO(s)+2CH3​COOH(aq)→(CH3​COO)2​Mg(aq)+H2​O(l)

43
Q

Reaction between aqueous ethanoic acid and a metal carbonate.

A

Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates to form a salt, carbon dioxide, and water.
CuCO3​(s)+2CH3​COOH(aq)→(CH3​COO)2​Cu(aq)+CO2​(g)+H2​O(l)

44
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

An ester is formed when an alkanoic acid reacts with an alcohol in a condensation reaction, with the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is known as esterification.

45
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

Esters have the ester group, -COO-, as their functional group.

46
Q

Describe acid hydrolysis of esters.

A

cid hydrolysis involves heating the ester with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The acid acts as a catalyst, and the products are the alkanoic acid and the alcohol from which the ester was formed.

46
Q

What is hydrolysis of esters?

A

Hydrolysis of esters involves breaking down ester molecules into smaller molecules by reacting them with water. This can be done through acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis.

47
Q

Describe alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

A

Alkaline hydrolysis involves heating the ester with potassium or sodium hydroxide solution. The products are the potassium or sodium salt of the alkanoic acid and the alcohol from which the ester was formed.

48
Q

What is saponification?

A

Saponification refers to the process that produces soap. It involves the alkaline hydrolysis of large ester molecules found in animal fats and vegetable oils, producing soap and glycerol

49
Q

How are soapy detergents made?

A

Soapy detergents are made by boiling animal fats or vegetable fats and oils with concentrated potassium or sodium hydroxide solution.

50
Q

How are soapless detergents made?

A

Soapless detergents are formed from petroleum. They are also known as ‘synthetic detergents’ and may be simply called detergents.

51
Q

Soapy Detergent Characteries

A

They are biodegradable

Manufractured from renewable resources

They do not contain phosphates(no pollution)

They do not lather in hard water

52
Q

Soapless Detergent Characteries

A

They lather in hard water

Non bioDegradeable

They contain phospahtes

Manufratured from non renewable resources

53
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules made from many repeating small molecules, known as monomers, bonded together.

54
Q

How are polymers formed?

A

Polymers are formed through a process called polymerisation, where monomers are linked together to form chains.

55
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation occurs when unsaturated monomers, such as alkenes, are linked together to form a saturated polymer known as an addition polymer.

56
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation polymerisation involves linking monomers together in chains by eliminating a small molecule, usually water, from between adjacent monomers. The polymers formed are known as condensation polymers.

57
Q

What is a Polyalkene?
Uses/Examples

A

Polyalkene is a type of polymer formed through addition polymerisation.

Polyethene
Use: To make plastic bags

58
Q

What is a Polyester?
Uses/Examples

A

Polyester is a type of polymer formed through condensation polymerisation.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Terylene, or Dacron)
Use: To make PET bottles for soft drinks.

59
Q

What is a Polyamide?
Uses/Examples

A

Polyamide is a type of polymer used in various applications.
Example: Nylon
Use: To make clothing

60
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?
Uses/Examples

A

Polysaccharide is a type of polymer found in nature.
Example: Starch
Use: Stored as food reserves in living organisms.

Chemistry (9 decks)

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