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organic chemistry Flashcards

definitions

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1
Q

homologus series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties where each successive member differs by an addition of a CH2 group

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2
Q

functional group

A

part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactivity

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3
Q

structural isomerism

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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4
Q

stereoisomerism

A

molecules with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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5
Q

what is a priority group?

A

the group attached to a carbon with the highest atomic number

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6
Q

z isomer

A

if the priority groups are on the same side as each other

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7
Q

e isomer

A

if the priority groups are on the opposite sides of each other

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8
Q

cis/trans isomerism

A

applies if each carbon is bonded to a hydrogen

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9
Q

cis isomer

A

whether the priority groups are on the same side

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10
Q

trans isomer

A

if the priority groups are on a different side to each other

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11
Q

how do you know if a molecule has stereoisomerism

A
  • must have a double bond
  • each carbon in the double bond must be bonded to two different groups
  • for cis/trans, each carbon in the double bond must be bonded to one hydrogen
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12
Q

list alkene reactions

A

hydrogenation
hydration
halogenation
hydrogen halides
additional polymerasation

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13
Q

what catalyst do you use in a hydrogenation reaction and at what temp?

A

nickel at 150 degrees / 423k

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14
Q

what catalyst do you use in a hydration reaction

A

hydrogen phosphate (H3PO4)

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15
Q

define electrophile

A

an electron pair acceptor

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16
Q

mechanism name of halogenation for alkenes

A

electrophilic addition

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17
Q

mechanism name for halogenation of alkanes

A

free radical substitution

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18
Q

mechanism for hydrogen halides

A

electrophilic addition

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19
Q

polymer

A

long chain molecules found from many repeat units of monomers eg polyethene

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20
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer eg ethene

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21
Q

additional polymerasation

A

formation of polymers by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkane molecules (monomers)

22
Q

feedstock recycling

A

breaking polymer down into small molecules which allow them to be used to make something else

23
Q

why are alcohols soluble in water?

A

because they form hydrogen bonds with water

24
Q

why are alchohols less volatile?

A
  • less volatile and a higher b.p. than the corresponding alkane because they turn into gas quicker and for h2 bonds unlike other alkanes which requre more energy to break
25
Q

fermentation of sugars

A

C6H12O6 ——-> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

26
Q

oxidising agent for alcohols

A

K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4

27
Q

what do primary oxidation alcohols form and what conditions do they use?

A

they form an aldehyde (prefix - al) and go under distillation

28
Q

if primary oxidation uses reflux what does it form

A

carboxylic acid (prefix - oic)

29
Q

what do secondary oxidation alcohols form and what conditions do they use?

A

they form a kentone (prefix - one) and they use reflux conditions

30
Q

define nucleophile

A

an electron pair donor

31
Q

what does substitution of alcohols form

A

haloalkane + NaSO4 + water

32
Q

what is used in the substitution of alcohols

A

sodium halide + sulfuric acid

33
Q

what condition is used in the dehydration of alcohols?

A

reflux

34
Q

what happens as we increase the carbon chain length

A
  • larger surface area
  • so more surface points of contact
  • more electrons
  • stronger london forces
  • more energy required to break the LFs
  • hence b.p. increases
35
Q

what happens as we increase the branching

A
  • fewer surface points of contact
  • weaker london forces
  • less energy required to break the LFs
  • so b.p. decreases
36
Q

volatility meaning

A

turns into a gas very quickly

37
Q

why are alcohols very soluble in water?

A

because they form hydrogen bonds with water
- alkanes are non-polar

38
Q

why are alcohols less volatile but have a higher boiling point than the corresponding alkane?

A
  • alkanes turn into a gas quicker
  • since alcohols form hydrogen bonds, they are less volatile as they don’t turn into a gas quickly since their hydrogen bonds require more energy to break than the London forces between the alkanes
39
Q

what’s made from polyethene

A
  • plastic straws
  • plastic bags
  • plastic bottles
40
Q

what’s made from pvc (poly vinyl chloride)

A
  • window frames
  • gutter pipes
  • cling film
  • laminated flooring
41
Q

what’s made from polypropene

A
  • bottle cap lids
  • children’s toys eg lego
42
Q

what can be made from polystyrene

A
  • styrofoam
43
Q

what can be made from PTFE (polytetrafluroethene)

A
  • waterproof/burnproof coating eg on coats, pans, cars
  • insulating tape
44
Q

downside of burning pvc

A

releases tcl - a toxic gas

45
Q

what does hydrolysis of haloalkanes form?

A

haloalkanes + h20 —-> alcohol + hydrogen halide

46
Q

mechanism for substitution of haloalkanes

A

nucleophilic substitution

47
Q

nucleophile definition

A

an electron pair donor

48
Q

homolytic fission def.

A

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

49
Q

heterolytic fission def.

A

the breaking of a covalent bond forming a cation (+) and an anion (-)

50
Q
A

chemistry (8 decks)

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