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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous series definition

A

A group of hydrocarbons with the same functional group but differing by CH2 each term

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2
Q

Functional group definition

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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3
Q

Aliphatic definition

A

A compound containing C and H joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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4
Q

What is an alicyclic compound

A

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings

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5
Q

What is an aromatic compound

A

A compound containing a benzine ring (Unsaturated ring)

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6
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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7
Q

What is Homolytic fission

A

Each of the bonded pair of atoms takes one shared pair of electron
Each atom has a single unpaired electron - becomes radical

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8
Q

What is Heterolytic fission

A

When one of the bonded atom takes both the electron so that one becomes a negative ion and one becomes a positive ion

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9
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

When two reactants form a single product

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10
Q

General formula of Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What is a sigma bond

A

The overlapping of two orbitals, causing a single bond to occur
Allows rotation

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12
Q

What is the general arrangement of alkenes

A

Tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5 due to equal repulsion of all electrons

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13
Q

What is the effect of chain length on boiling point

A

As chain length increases, so does surface area
so points of contact increase
so London dispersion forces between molecules will be greater
so more energy is required to overcome forces

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14
Q

What is the effect of branching on boiling point

A

As branching increases…
fewer points of contact
less London dispersion forces
branches prevent molecules from getting close together
so less energy required to overcome forces

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15
Q

Why are alkanes unreactive

A

Strong sigma bonds
C-C is non polar
C-H is non polar as electronegativity is too similar

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16
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur

A

Not enough O2 available

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of free radical substitution

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

18
Q

What are the limitations of free radical sustitution

A

Although it is a way of making haloalkanes, it is difficult to control which products you will get and it can get out of hand

19
Q

What are the properties of alkenes

A

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons that have a pi bond and a sigma bond
Have restricted rotation because of the pi bond

20
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

21
Q

What are pi bonds

A

The sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

22
Q

What is the general shape of an alkene

A

Trigonal planar
120 degree angle as there are three areas of electron density that repel as far as possible

23
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

24
Q

How are molecules assigned priority in E/Z isomerism

A

Higher atomic number = Higher priority

25
Q

What is a Z isomer

A

An isomer with the highest priority groups on the same side of the double bond

26
Q

What is an E isomer

A

An isomer with priority groups of different sides of the double bond

27
Q

Why are Alkenes more reactive that Alkanes

A

Because Pi bonds have a lower bond enthalpy due to being more exposed. Therefore they break more readily

28
Q

What is an electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

29
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

When Hydrogen is added to a double bond
Nickel catalyst needed

30
Q

what is the test for unsaturation

A

Bromine water is added to compound. If the compound is saturated, the solution goes from orange to colourless

31
Q

How do alkene addition reactions take place

A

electrophilic addition

32
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule

A

That in an electrophilic addition reaction, the Hydrogen of a hydrogen halide will attach to the Carbon with the most hydrogens
(least electronegative attaches to C with most H)

33
Q

Why are addition polymers resistant to biodegradation

A

They have strong covalent bonds and no polar bonds. This makes them relatively stable and difficult to break down

34
Q

What is the problem with disposing of polymers by landfill

A

Kills marine life, loss of habitat, contamination of water and soil resources

35
Q

What are the positives and negatives of getting rid of polymers by combustion

A

+ Lot of energy released, can create electricity
+ Vol of rubbish decreased

  • Toxic gases like CO and nitrogen oxides released
  • CO2 produced
36
Q

Benefits and negatives of feedstock recycling

A

+ no toxic/chemical emissions
+ can handle unsorted/unwashed products
+ materials gained can be used to produced new polymers

  • Not cost efficient
  • Hard to reproduce original plastic
37
Q

How does PVC recycling work

A

It is hazardous due to high Cl and additive content so solvent is used to dissolve PVC and then the high grade PVC is recovered

38
Q

How do photodegradable polymers work

A

Oil based polymers that have bonds that are weakened by light absorption
Light dislocates 1+ electrons that make up a bond

39
Q

How do biodegradable polymers work

A

Polymer is made from starch or cellulose or contain additives that alter structure
They are broken down by microorganisms into water, CO2 or other biological compounds

40
Q

What does a curly arrow represent in mechanisms

A

Movement of electron pair

41
Q

What is a nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

Chemistry A Level (6 decks)

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