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Ocr A LEVEL CHEM > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The chemistry of molecules based on carbon

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2
Q

Define an aromatic compound

A

Compound contains a benzene ring

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3
Q

Define an aliphatic coumpound

A

Compound does not contain a benzene ring

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4
Q

Define an alicyclic compound

A

Compound contains a ring but it is not a benzene ring

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5
Q

What does the term homologous series mean

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2

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6
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane with n carbon atoms

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

Why does the alkane boiling point increase as you go down the group?

A

Chain length increases molecules have more electrons therfore there are stronger London forces between molecules which takes more energy to overcome

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8
Q

What happens if molecules have the same number of electrons?

A

The more branched molecule would have less surface area of contact so the boiling point would be lower

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9
Q

Why are alkanes not very reactive

A

Bonds are hard to break

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10
Q

Define nucleophiles

A

Lone pair donor

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11
Q

How can halogenoalkanes be converted to alcohols

A

Using aqueous sodium hydroxide and beating under reflex

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12
Q

Define refux

A

Continous boiling and condensation of a reaction mixture. Mixture will evaporate but condense in the condenser and fall back down into reaction vessel

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13
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

The breaking of a bond using water or aqueous alkali

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14
Q

What does the rate of a nucleopholic substation reaction depend on

A

The strength of the carbon halogen bond. C-I bond is weakest so most readily undergoes nucleophilic substitution

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15
Q

What are the limitations of using free radical substitution

A

-Multiple substitution occurs
-substitution occurs at different points along the chain making it hard to control which product is made

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16
Q

What is a free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

17
Q

Describe the reactivity of radicals

A

Highly reactive as they want an extra electron

18
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a bond where each atom in the bond receives 1 electron forming 2 radicals

19
Q

What is the general formula for alkyl groups

A

CnH2n+1

20
Q

Equation of an alkane being combusted with unlimited oxygen

A

Alkane+oxygen–>carbon dioxide +water

21
Q

Equation of an alkane being combusted with limited oxygen

A

Alkane+oxygen–>carbon monoxide+water

22
Q

Equation of alkane being combusted with very little oxygen

A

Alkane+oxygen–>carbon(soot) +water

23
Q

How are sigma bonds formed?

A

The overlap of atomic orbitals directly between the bonded atoms

24
Q

What are the steps for naming alkane?

A

1)find the longest chain of carbon stops. End of the name will be based on chain length
2) identify any side chains. They are put as prefixes to the main chain name(alkyl groups)
3)name the carbon atoms on the main chain from the side closest to the side chain
4)write out the name with side chains as prefixes. Put a number before the prefix to dhow which carbon it is attached to

25
Q

Extra rules for naming alkanes

A

-prefixes go in alphabetical indeed
-put di/tri to show 2 or 3 of the same side chain
-dash between numbers and letters
-commas between numbers

26
Q

What requirements are there for free radical substitution?

A

Ultraviolet light

27
Q

Hydrolysis practical

A

1)dissolve haloalkane in ethanol
2) add aqueous AgNO3
3)AgX precipitate forms(X is the halide ion)
Colour will tell us which halide ion is present

28
Q

What colour is AgCl

A

White

29
Q

What colour is AgBr

A

Pale cream

30
Q

What colour is AgI

A

Yellow

31
Q

What can we use as an indicator of the rate of hydrolysis?

A

The rate of precipitate formation

32
Q

What does the ozone do

A

It absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

33
Q

What were chloroflurocarbons (CFC) used for?

A

Refrigerants and aerosols as propellants

34
Q

How do CFCS make their way into the atmosphere?

A

Ultraviolet light breaks C-Cl bonds. C-F bonds do not break as they are too strong

35
Q

What does the chlorine atom then do? (After c-cl bond breaks in cfc)

A

-Can cause the breakdown of ozone into oxygen

36
Q

What can a single CFC molecule catalyse?

A

-the breakdown of up to 100,000 O3 molecules

37
Q

What does ozone depletion allow?

A

Harmful UV to penetrate troposphere leading to increased incidence of skin cancer and genetic damage

Ocr A LEVEL CHEM (5 decks)

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