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triple chemistry paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil

A

Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks
Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass, consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud
Crude oil is a mixture of very large number of compounds. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

What is hydro carbon

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules which are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
most of the hydrocarbons include oil are called alkanes

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3
Q

General formula for the homologous series of alkanes

A

CNH2N +2

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4
Q

What are the first four members of the alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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5
Q

Fractional distillation

A

This is a method used to separate hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions

The fractions can be processed to produce fuels and feed stock for the petrochemical industry

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6
Q

Useful materials that can be produced by the petrochemical industry

A

Solvent
lubricants
polymer
detergents

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7
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons

A

The shorter the carbon chain
less viscous
more flammable
Lower Boiling points

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8
Q

Alkanes

A

They are homologous series
The reaction similar way
They are saturated compound
Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds

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9
Q

Complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen >
carbon dioxide+ water
Both carbon and hydrogen from the hydrocarbon oxidised

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10
Q

Cracking

A

Cracking is the act of breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful molecules
Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction

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11
Q

Steam cracking

A

You can crack hydrocarbons if you vaporise them, mix them with steam, and then heat them to a very high temperature

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12
Q

Catalyst cracking

A

First is to heat up long chain, hydrocarbons, vaporise them then the vapour is passed over a hot, powdered, aluminium oxide catalyst
the long chain molecules split up on the surface of the specks of catalyst

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13
Q

Alkenes

A

Alkenes have a double carbon bond
more reactive than alkanes
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and react with bromide water to be colourless
Unsaturated

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14
Q

Formula for Alkenes

A

CňH2n

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15
Q

The first four members for the homologous series of Alkenes are

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

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16
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Alkene +oxygen >
Carbon + carbon monoxide+carbon dioxide +water

17
Q

Polymers

A

Polymers are long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers joint together

18
Q

Alcohol

A

Has an -OH functional group

19
Q

Formula for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

20
Q

First 4 members of homologous series of alcohol

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

21
Q

Properties of the first four alcohols

A

Flammable
Soluble in water
Neutral, pH
React with sodium to make hydrogen
Can be oxidised to produce carboxylic acid

22
Q

Uses of alcohol

A

Methanol and ethanol are used as solvent in industry because they can dissolve most things, water can dissolve, but it can also dissolve stuff water can’t dissolve
04. Alcohols can be used as fuels .

23
Q

Fermentation

A

Sugar> ethanol + carbon dioxide
37•C
Anaerobic
Slightly acidic

24
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Functional group -COOH
Alcohol plus carboxylic acid equals to ester plus water

25
Q

The first four members of the homologous series of carboxylic acid

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

26
Q

Reacting with other acids

A

They react with carbonate to produce a salt, water and carbon dioxide
They can dissolve in water and the ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution, but they don’t ionise completely

27
Q

Why are carboxylic acids, weak

A

They have a higher pH hi than Aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration
they don’t ionise completely

28
Q

Condensation polymers

A

involves monomers with two functional groups
When these types of monomers react they joint together, usually losing small molecules, such as water,called condensation reaction

29
Q

Differences between addition and condensation

A

In addition, only one monomer type containing double carbon bones are used and only one productive form
In condensation, two monarch types, continue two of the same functional group or one more type with two different functional groups are used
And two types of products a polymer and is molecule are formed

30
Q

Amino acids

A

I’m gonna have two different functional groups in a molecule
Amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides
Different amino acids can be combined in the same chain to produce proteins
E.g. glycine

31
Q

DNA and other naturally occurring polymers

A

DNA is a large molecule is essential for
Life
DNA includes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses
Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains made up of four different monomers called nucleotides back

32
Q

Simple sugars can form polymers

A

Sugars are small molecules that contain carbon oxygen and hydrogen
Sugars can react together through polymerisation reactions from large carbohydrate, molecules like starch,and cellulose

triple chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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