Organic chemistry

Question 1

General formula for an alkane

Answer 1

Cn H2n+2

Question 2

General formula for an alkene?

Answer 2

Cn H2n

Question 3

General formula for Alcohols?

Answer 3

Cn H2n+1 OH

Question 4

General formula for carboxylic acids?

Answer 4

Cn H2n+1 COOH

Question 5

Define functional group?

Answer 5

An atom or and group of atoms that determine the chemical properties for a homologous series

Question 6

Define structural isomers?

Answer 6

Compounds with three same molecular formula but a different structural formulae

Question 7

Define Homologous series

Answer 7

A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

Question 8

Characteristics of a homologous series?

Answer 8

• same functional group
• same general formula
• differing from each other by CH2
• displaying a trend in physical properties
• similar chemical properties

Question 9

Saturated compounds?

Answer 9

All carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

Question 10

Unsaturated compound?

Answer 10

A compound with one or more carbon- carbon bonds are not single bonds
eg alkene

Question 11

How is crude oil separated?

Answer 11

Fractional distillation

In a fractionating column

Question 12

Name the fractions

Answer 12

(a) refinery gas
(b) gasoline /petrol fraction
(c) naphtha fraction
(d) kerosene /paraffin
(e) diesel oil/ gas oil
(f) fuel oil fraction
(g) lubricating oil
(h) bitumen fraction

Question 13

what is the use of refinery gas?

Answer 13

heating and cooking

Question 14

Use of gasoline/petrol

Answer 14

fuel used in cars

Question 15

Use of naphtha?

Answer 15

Chemical feedstock

Question 16

Kerosene/paraffin

Answer 16

Jet fuel

Question 17

Use of diesel oil/gas oil?

Answer 17

Diesel engines

Question 18

Use of Fuel oil?

Answer 18

In ships and home heating systems

Question 19

Use of Lubricating oil?

Answer 19

lubricants, waxes and oils

Question 20

Use of Bitumen?

Answer 20

Making roads

Question 21

four need to be listed

As you go down the fractionating column…..?

Answer 21

(a) increasing chain length
(b) lower volatility
(c) Higher boiling points
(d) Higher viscosity

Question 22

What is a Substitution reaction in alkanes?

Answer 22

one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Question 23

What happens when alkanes react with bromine or chlorine?

Answer 23

A photochemical reaction with UV light takes place

UV is used to provide activation energy

Question 24

Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine and methane

Answer 24

Methane + Chlorine —-> Chloromethane + HCl

In the presence of UV light

Question 25

Write an equation for the reaction between Ethane and Bromine

Answer 25

Ethane + Bromine ---> bromoethane + Hydrogen Bromide

Question 26

Compare the flames when alkanes and alkenes are burned

Answer 26

alkanes burn with a clean flame and alkenes with a sooty flame

Question 27

What happens when you add alkenes to aqueous bromine?

Answer 27

It will decolourise bromine whater immediatley | This is used to distinguish between saturated and unsturated hydrocarbon

Question 28

What are the products of the combustion of an alkene? | Alkene + Oxygen

Answer 28

Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 29

How many products are made in the addition reactions of alkenes?

Answer 29

one

Question 30

Ethene + Steam | Addition of Steam - Hydration

Answer 30

Ethanol *Phosporic catalyst, 300 C , 60atm/6000kPa*

Question 31

Ethene + Hydrogen? | Addition of Hydrogen - Hydrogenation

Answer 31

Ethane *Nickel catalyst, 150 - 130 C* | Alkene + Hydrogen -> Alkane

Question 32

Ethene + Bromine | Addition of a Halogen - Halogenation

Answer 32

Dibromoethane

Question 33

What are the two methods of manufacturing and alcohol?

Answer 33

Fermentation and catalytic addition of stem

Question 34

Equation for the of glucose in the abscense of oxygen? | Anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

Glucose ---> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + 2ATP | 25 - 30 C in the presence of yeast

Question 35

Uses of Ethanol?

Answer 35

as a solvent and a fuel

Question 36

How is Ethanoic acid formed?

Answer 36

by oxidation of ethanol by the fermentation of bacteria and acidified potassium permanganate

Question 37

What are esters?

Answer 37

the product from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid | the other product is water

Question 38

What is a polymer?

Answer 38

large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers

Question 39

What are the problems cause by the disposal of plastic? | Plastics are made from polymers

Answer 39

(a) disposal in land fill sites (b) accumulation in oceans (c) formation of toxic gases from burning

Question 40

What are the two types of polymerisation?

Answer 40

Addition and Condensation

Question 41

What is lost during condensation polymerisation?

Answer 41

Wateris lost and ____ links are formed | Ester links for polyester and amide links fro nylon

Question 42

What are the momoners of polyester | or polyethylene terephtalate, terylene

Answer 42

dicarboxylic acid and diol

Question 43

What are the monomers of Nylon | polyamide

Answer 43

dicarboxylic and diamine | amine is NH3, present in proteins

Question 44

Proteins are...?

Answer 44

natural polyamides and that they are formed from amino acid monomers | acid, amine group and CHR. R changes eg R is H for glycine

Question 45

How are proteins split up?

Answer 45

Hydrolysis | Paper chromatography is used to seperate and identify the products