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M1: Pharmaceutical Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

C-C

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

C=C

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

C≡C

A

Alkynes

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4
Q

R-OH

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

R-O-R

A

Ether

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6
Q

R-NH2

A

Amine

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7
Q

R-X

A

Alkyl halide

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8
Q

What is it
▪️Headways overlap
▪️Stronger
▪️First bond
▪️Formed by s or sp orbitals

A

Sigma (σ)

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9
Q

What is it
▪️Sideways overlap
▪️Weaker
▪️Anything after sigma
▪️Formed by p orbitals ONLY

A

Pi (π)

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10
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 3p
▪️4 sp3 orbitals
▪️4 sigma
▪️Tetrahedral
▪️109.5
▪️single bond (-)

A

sp3

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11
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 2p
▪️3 sp2 orbitals (1 p orbital unhybridized)
▪️3 sigma; 1pi
▪️Trigonal Planar
▪️120
▪️double bond (=)

A

sp2

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12
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 1p
▪️2 sp orbitals (2 p orbitals
unhybridized)
▪️2 sigma; 1 pi
▪️Linear
▪️180
▪️triple bond (≡)

A

sp

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13
Q

Who invented/discovered

Solid Sphere Model

A

John Dalton (1803)

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14
Q

Who invented/discovered

Plum Pudding Model

A

J.J. Thomson (1904)

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15
Q

Who invented/discovered

Nuclear Model

A

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

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16
Q

Who invented/discovered

Planetary Model

A

Niels Bohr (1913)

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17
Q

Who invented/discovered

Quantum Model

A

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

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18
Q

Acid or Base
Bronsted-Lowry
▪️Donates p+

A

Acid

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19
Q

Acid or Base
Bronsted-Lowry
▪️Accepts p+

A

Base

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20
Q

Acid or Base
Lewis Theory
▪️e- pair acceptor

A

Acid

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21
Q

Acid or Base
Lewis Theory
▪️e- pair donor

A

Base

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22
Q

Electron withrawing

A

Increase Acidity

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23
Q

Electron Donating

A

Decrease Basicity; Increase acidity

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24
Q

What do we called?

Same connectivity

A

Stereo Isomer

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25
Cis / Trans Isomers Similar substituents on the SAME side
Cis
26
Cis / Trans Isomers Similar substituents on the OPPOSITE side
Trans
27
What is it ▪️For prioritization in E/Z and optical isomers ▪️Based on atomic number of the first attached atom ▪️The higher the atomic number means higher priority
Cahn-Ingold Prelog (CIP) Rules
28
Mirror image not superimposable on itself
Chiral
29
Molecule and mirror image are identical
Achiral
30
Mirror images; have opposite configurations at all stereogenic centers
Enantiomers
31
Stereoisomers but not mirror images; have the same configuration at one or more centres
Diastereomers
32
What is it ▪️aka Paraffins ▪️Saturated ▪️Formula: CnH2n+2 ▪️Tetrahedral geometry
Alkanes
33
What is it ▪️aka Olefins ▪️Unsaturated ▪️Formula: CnH2n ▪️Planar geometry
Alkenes
34
What is it ▪️aka Acetylenes ▪️Unsaturated ▪️Formula: CnH2n-2 ▪️Linear geometry
Alkynes
35
Is an alkene nucleophilic or electrophilic?
Nucleophilic
36
What sp hybridized are the ff: 1. Alkanes 2. Alkenes 3. Alkynes
1. sp3 2. sp2 3. sp
37
Halogenation requires organic solvent like
1. CCI4 - carbon tetrachloride 2. DCM - dichloromethane
38
Hydrogenation requires catalyst like
1. Pd - palladium 2. PtO2 - platinum dioxide
39
Hydrogenation produces (1) which also known as (2)
1. Alkane 2. Reduction
40
Hydrohalogenation is usually done with what solvent
Ether
41
Aromaticity Classification ▪️Cyclic: Yes ▪️Planar: Yes all sp2 ▪️Huckel's Rule: 4n+2 pi electrons = whole number
Aromatic
42
Aromaticity Classification ▪️Cyclic: Yes ▪️Planar: Yes ▪️Huckel's Rule: 4n pi electrons
Anti-aromatic
43
Aromaticity Classification ▪️Cyclic: No ▪️Planar: No ▪️Huckel's Rule: Doesn't matter
Non-aromatic (aka Aliphatic)
44
Most stable
Chair
45
Arrange the ff. to more stable to least stable 1°, 2°, 3°, methyl cation
(more stable) 3°, 2°, 1°, methyl cation (least stable)
46
What rule is stated below: ▪️the rich gets richer ▪️H adds to the C w/ greater no. H (less subst. C) ▪️X adds to the C w/ lesser no. H (more subst. C)
Markovnikov's Rule
47
What are the criteria for Aromaticity
1. Cyclic 2. Flat/Planar = sp2 (trigonal planar) 3. Conjugates double bonds (alternating) 4. Huckel's Rule: 4n+2=πe- (where n=0,1,2,3...integer)
48
o First organic compound synthesized from inorganic matter o Final waste product of protein metabolism o Discovered by Friedrich Wohler (1828) from heating lead cyanate and ammonia
Urea
49
Parent ring for anthraquinone glycosides
Anthracene
50
Another name for Aniline
Aminobenzene
51
Another name for Toluene
Methylbenzene
52
▪ Discovered by Joseph Lister (Father of Antisepsis) ▪ First antiseptic agent ▪ Phenol Coefficient – ↑PC ↑ antiseptic activity
Phenol/Carboxylic Acid or aka Hydroxybenzene
53
aka hydroxytoluene; Lysol®
Cresol
54
Dextrorotatory (d / +) movement
Right (clockwise)
55
Levorotatory (l / -) movement
Left (counterclockwise)
56
• Duality of the atom to flex or bend due to: ✓ Rotation along a single bond (acyclic or open chain) ✓ Torsional strain (Cyclic)
Conformational Isomers
57
Compounds that exhibit optical activity (ability of a compound to rotate plane polarized light either to the left or right)
Configurational Isomers
58
1. C2 epimer of D-glucose 2. C4 epimer of D-glucose
1. D-mannose 2. D-galactose
59
OH pointing downward
Alpha
60
OH pointing upward
Beta
61
What ointment is this? Benzoic Acid + Salicylic Acid
Whitfield’s Ointment
62
used in suntan lotions to prevent the dangerous UV rays from reaching the skin
PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID
63
Same Proton (p+), atomic #, element Different in atomic mass
IsotoPes
64
Same Bigat (atomic weight) Protons & Neutrons Differ in elements
IsoBars
65
Same Neutron Differ in elements
IsotoNes
66
Same molecular formula Differ in structure
IsoMers
67
Same type Same order of atoms Different spatial arrangement Different configuration
Stereoisomers
68
Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity
Stereoisomers
69
Stereoisomers that mirror images, but NOT superimposable
Enantiomers
70
Not mirror images and not superimposable
Diasteriomers

M1: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (15 decks)

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