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M1: Pharmaceutical Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

C-C

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

C=C

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

C≡C

A

Alkynes

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4
Q

R-OH

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

R-O-R

A

Ether

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6
Q

R-NH2

A

Amine

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7
Q

R-X

A

Alkyl halide

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8
Q

What is it
▪️Headways overlap
▪️Stronger
▪️First bond
▪️Formed by s or sp orbitals

A

Sigma (σ)

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9
Q

What is it
▪️Sideways overlap
▪️Weaker
▪️Anything after sigma
▪️Formed by p orbitals ONLY

A

Pi (π)

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10
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 3p
▪️4 sp3 orbitals
▪️4 sigma
▪️Tetrahedral
▪️109.5
▪️single bond (-)

A

sp3

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11
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 2p
▪️3 sp2 orbitals (1 p orbital unhybridized)
▪️3 sigma; 1pi
▪️Trigonal Planar
▪️120
▪️double bond (=)

A

sp2

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12
Q

What hybridization is stated below:
▪️1s; 1p
▪️2 sp orbitals (2 p orbitals
unhybridized)
▪️2 sigma; 1 pi
▪️Linear
▪️180
▪️triple bond (≡)

A

sp

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13
Q

Who invented/discovered

Solid Sphere Model

A

John Dalton (1803)

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14
Q

Who invented/discovered

Plum Pudding Model

A

J.J. Thomson (1904)

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15
Q

Who invented/discovered

Nuclear Model

A

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

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16
Q

Who invented/discovered

Planetary Model

A

Niels Bohr (1913)

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17
Q

Who invented/discovered

Quantum Model

A

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

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18
Q

Acid or Base
Bronsted-Lowry
▪️Donates p+

A

Acid

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19
Q

Acid or Base
Bronsted-Lowry
▪️Accepts p+

A

Base

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20
Q

Acid or Base
Lewis Theory
▪️e- pair acceptor

A

Acid

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21
Q

Acid or Base
Lewis Theory
▪️e- pair donor

A

Base

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22
Q

Electron withrawing

A

Increase Acidity

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23
Q

Electron Donating

A

Decrease Basicity; Increase acidity

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24
Q

What do we called?

Same connectivity

A

Stereo Isomer

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25
Q

Cis / Trans Isomers

Similar substituents on the SAME side

A

Cis

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26
Q

Cis / Trans Isomers

Similar substituents on the OPPOSITE side

A

Trans

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27
Q

What is it
▪️For prioritization in E/Z and optical isomers
▪️Based on atomic number of the first attached atom
▪️The higher the atomic number means higher priority

A

Cahn-Ingold Prelog (CIP) Rules

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28
Q

Mirror image not superimposable on itself

A

Chiral

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29
Q

Molecule and mirror image are identical

30
Q

Mirror images; have opposite configurations at all stereogenic centers

A

Enantiomers

31
Q

Stereoisomers but not mirror images; have the same configuration at one or more centres

A

Diastereomers

32
Q

What is it

▪️aka Paraffins
▪️Saturated
▪️Formula: CnH2n+2
▪️Tetrahedral geometry

33
Q

What is it

▪️aka Olefins
▪️Unsaturated
▪️Formula: CnH2n
▪️Planar geometry

34
Q

What is it

▪️aka Acetylenes
▪️Unsaturated
▪️Formula: CnH2n-2
▪️Linear geometry

35
Q

Is an alkene nucleophilic or electrophilic?

A

Nucleophilic

36
Q

What sp hybridized are the ff:

  1. Alkanes
  2. Alkenes
  3. Alkynes
A
  1. sp3
  2. sp2
  3. sp
37
Q

Halogenation requires organic solvent like

A
  1. CCI4 - carbon tetrachloride
  2. DCM - dichloromethane
38
Q

Hydrogenation requires catalyst like

A
  1. Pd - palladium
  2. PtO2 - platinum dioxide
39
Q

Hydrogenation produces (1) which also known as (2)

A
  1. Alkane
  2. Reduction
40
Q

Hydrohalogenation is usually done with what solvent

41
Q

Aromaticity Classification

▪️Cyclic: Yes
▪️Planar: Yes all sp2
▪️Huckel’s Rule: 4n+2 pi electrons = whole number

42
Q

Aromaticity Classification

▪️Cyclic: Yes
▪️Planar: Yes
▪️Huckel’s Rule: 4n pi electrons

A

Anti-aromatic

43
Q

Aromaticity Classification

▪️Cyclic: No
▪️Planar: No
▪️Huckel’s Rule: Doesn’t matter

A

Non-aromatic (aka Aliphatic)

44
Q

Most stable

45
Q

Arrange the ff. to more stable to least stable

1°, 2°, 3°, methyl cation

A

(more stable) 3°, 2°, 1°, methyl cation (least stable)

46
Q

What rule is stated below:

▪️the rich gets richer
▪️H adds to the C w/ greater no. H (less subst. C)
▪️X adds to the C w/ lesser no. H (more subst. C)

A

Markovnikov’s Rule

47
Q

What are the criteria for Aromaticity

A
  1. Cyclic
  2. Flat/Planar = sp2 (trigonal planar)
  3. Conjugates double bonds (alternating)
  4. Huckel’s Rule: 4n+2=πe-
    (where n=0,1,2,3…integer)
48
Q

o First organic compound synthesized from inorganic matter
o Final waste product of protein metabolism
o Discovered by Friedrich Wohler (1828) from heating lead cyanate and ammonia

49
Q

Parent ring for anthraquinone glycosides

A

Anthracene

50
Q

Another name for Aniline

A

Aminobenzene

51
Q

Another name for Toluene

A

Methylbenzene

52
Q

▪ Discovered by Joseph Lister (Father of Antisepsis)
▪ First antiseptic agent
▪ Phenol Coefficient – ↑PC ↑ antiseptic activity

A

Phenol/Carboxylic Acid or aka Hydroxybenzene

53
Q

aka hydroxytoluene; Lysol®

54
Q

Dextrorotatory (d / +) movement

A

Right (clockwise)

55
Q

Levorotatory (l / -) movement

A

Left (counterclockwise)

56
Q

• Duality of the atom to flex or bend due to:
✓ Rotation along a single bond (acyclic or open chain)
✓ Torsional strain (Cyclic)

A

Conformational Isomers

57
Q

Compounds that exhibit optical activity (ability of a compound to rotate plane polarized light either to the left or right)

A

Configurational Isomers

58
Q
  1. C2 epimer of D-glucose
  2. C4 epimer of D-glucose
A
  1. D-mannose
  2. D-galactose
59
Q

OH pointing downward

60
Q

OH pointing upward

61
Q

What ointment is this?

Benzoic Acid + Salicylic Acid

A

Whitfield’s Ointment

62
Q

used in suntan lotions to prevent the dangerous UV rays from reaching the skin

A

PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID

63
Q

Same Proton (p+), atomic #, element
Different in atomic mass

64
Q

Same Bigat (atomic weight) Protons & Neutrons
Differ in elements

65
Q

Same Neutron
Differ in elements

66
Q

Same molecular formula
Differ in structure

67
Q

Same type
Same order of atoms

Different spatial arrangement
Different configuration

A

Stereoisomers

68
Q

Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity

A

Stereoisomers

69
Q

Stereoisomers that mirror images, but NOT superimposable

A

Enantiomers

70
Q

Not mirror images and not superimposable

A

Diasteriomers

M1: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (15 decks)

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