Organic chemistry Flashcards
what are all organic chemicals covalently bonded to
carbon
how many bond can carbon atoms make
4
how many bonds can hydrogen make
1
how many bond can oxygen make
2
what is the definition of a functional group
a specific atom or group of atoms which determines the chemical and physical properties to the molecule
what is a homologous series
a series of organic molecules which have the same functional group but each successive member has an additional CH2
the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds depend on what 2 things?
1) the functional groups present in the molecule
2) the number and arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule
molecular formula?
the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
2 disadvantages of molecular formula
1) it doesn’t give information on the structure of the molecule
2) different compounds can have the same molecular formula
empirical formula definition
the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
name the 5 types of formula
molecular formula
empirical formula
structural formula
skeletal formula
displayed formula
alcohols and alkenes are named by changing the…
suffix (ending)
what is the ending of an alcohol
-ol
eg propan-2-ol
what is the ending of an alkene
-ene
what is the functional group in an alcohol
-OH
what is the functional group of alkenes
the carbon to carbon double bond
when there’s more than one alcohol what is added before the numbers
an e
eg ethane-1,2-diol
when there is more than one double bond what is put beofre the numbers in alkenes
an a
eg butA-1,3-diene
how are aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids named
by changing the suffix
when there is 5 or more carbons in a ketone a number must be given to functional group before the suffix
what funxtional group do ketones have
where are they found
c=o
in the middle of the carbon chain
what functional do aldehydes have
where are they found
c=o
at the end of the carbon chain
what functional group does carboxylic acids have
where is it find
COOH
end of carbon change
what functional group do amines have and where can it be
what can their name start or end with
-NH2 which can be found anywhere in the chain
amines can start with “amino” at the start or “amine” at the end
what functional group do nitriles have and where can it be
what does their name end with
what bond is a -CN bond
nitriles have the functional group -CN and can only be found at the end of the carbon chain
nitrile
the -CN bond is a triple bond and this is always counted as the first carbon in the chain and included in the main chain
what are the 2 branches of isomerism
structural isomerism
stereoisomerism
what is structural isomerism
same molecular formula but different structural formula
what is stereoisomerism
same structural formula but different arrangement in space
what 3 things make up structural isomerism and explain them
- CHAIN ISOMERISM
molecules with same molecular formula but different length of carbon chain
- POSITION ISOMERISM
molecules with same molecular formula and same length of carbon chain but function group is attached in different positions along the chain
- FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERISM
molecules with same molecular formula but a different functional group
name 4 characteristics of a homologous series
1) same general formula
2) trend in physical properties
3) similar chemical properties
4) one differs from the next by CH2
definition of general formula
this formula shows us the number atoms of each element in a substance with “n” carbon atoms
displayed formula definition
this formula shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
definition of structural formula
this formula shows us how atoms are arranged and joined in a molecule
this can be used to draw a molecule
definition of skeletal formula
this formula uses lines to represent a c-c bond. each corner represents a c atom and h atoms are not usually shown unless part of a functional group
when can we not have chain isomerism
when we only have 3 carbons
