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Chemistry A-Level :p > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are all organic chemicals covalently bonded to

A

carbon

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2
Q

how many bond can carbon atoms make

A

4

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3
Q

how many bonds can hydrogen make

A

1

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4
Q

how many bond can oxygen make

A

2

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5
Q

what is the definition of a functional group

A

a specific atom or group of atoms which determines the chemical and physical properties to the molecule

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6
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of organic molecules which have the same functional group but each successive member has an additional CH2

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7
Q

the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds depend on what 2 things?

A

1) the functional groups present in the molecule

2) the number and arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule

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8
Q

molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

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9
Q

2 disadvantages of molecular formula

A

1) it doesn’t give information on the structure of the molecule

2) different compounds can have the same molecular formula

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10
Q

empirical formula definition

A

the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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11
Q

name the 5 types of formula

A

molecular formula
empirical formula
structural formula
skeletal formula
displayed formula

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12
Q

alcohols and alkenes are named by changing the…

A

suffix (ending)

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13
Q

what is the ending of an alcohol

A

-ol

eg propan-2-ol

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14
Q

what is the ending of an alkene

A

-ene

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15
Q

what is the functional group in an alcohol

A

-OH

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16
Q

what is the functional group of alkenes

A

the carbon to carbon double bond

17
Q

when there’s more than one alcohol what is added before the numbers

A

an e

eg ethane-1,2-diol

18
Q

when there is more than one double bond what is put beofre the numbers in alkenes

A

an a

eg butA-1,3-diene

19
Q

how are aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids named

A

by changing the suffix

when there is 5 or more carbons in a ketone a number must be given to functional group before the suffix

20
Q

what funxtional group do ketones have

where are they found

A

c=o

in the middle of the carbon chain

21
Q

what functional do aldehydes have

where are they found

A

c=o

at the end of the carbon chain

22
Q

what functional group does carboxylic acids have

where is it find

A

COOH

end of carbon change

23
Q

what functional group do amines have and where can it be

what can their name start or end with

A

-NH2 which can be found anywhere in the chain

amines can start with “amino” at the start or “amine” at the end

24
Q

what functional group do nitriles have and where can it be

what does their name end with

what bond is a -CN bond

A

nitriles have the functional group -CN and can only be found at the end of the carbon chain

nitrile

the -CN bond is a triple bond and this is always counted as the first carbon in the chain and included in the main chain

25
Q

what are the 2 branches of isomerism

A

structural isomerism

stereoisomerism

26
Q

what is structural isomerism

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

27
Q

what is stereoisomerism

A

same structural formula but different arrangement in space

28
Q

what 3 things make up structural isomerism and explain them

A
  1. CHAIN ISOMERISM

molecules with same molecular formula but different length of carbon chain

  1. POSITION ISOMERISM

molecules with same molecular formula and same length of carbon chain but function group is attached in different positions along the chain

  1. FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERISM

molecules with same molecular formula but a different functional group

29
Q

name 4 characteristics of a homologous series

A

1) same general formula
2) trend in physical properties
3) similar chemical properties
4) one differs from the next by CH2

30
Q

definition of general formula

A

this formula shows us the number atoms of each element in a substance with “n” carbon atoms

31
Q

displayed formula definition

A

this formula shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

32
Q

definition of structural formula

A

this formula shows us how atoms are arranged and joined in a molecule

this can be used to draw a molecule

33
Q

definition of skeletal formula

A

this formula uses lines to represent a c-c bond. each corner represents a c atom and h atoms are not usually shown unless part of a functional group

34
Q

when can we not have chain isomerism

A

when we only have 3 carbons

Chemistry A-Level :p (14 decks)

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