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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of sea creatures. It is a finite resource and consists of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes.

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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3
Q

What are alkanes? General Formula? Functional group?

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms and single covalent bonds to the hydrogens.

C(n) H(2n+2)
Alkanes lack a functional group

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4
Q

What are the products of complete and incomplete combustion? Carbon Monoxide?

A

Complete = Carbon Dioxide and Water
Incomplete = Carbon Monoxide and Water

Carbon Monoxide is toxic and cannot be seen or smelled

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5
Q

What are the properties of short and long alkenes?

A

Longer alkenes have higher boiling points, stronger intermolecular forces, more viscous

Shorter alkenes are more volatile, less viscous, and lower boiling points

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6
Q

What are alkenes? General formula? Functional group?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon carbon double covalent bond. Alkenes are generally more reactive than alkanes.

C(n) H(2n)
C=C is the functional group

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives organic compounds their characteristic reactions

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8
Q

What is a homologous series? Examples?

A

Homologous series are a group of related organic compounds with the same functional group. They all have the same general formula. Examples are alcohols, alkenes, and alkanes

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9
Q

How do alkenes react in combustion?

A

Alkenes burn with a smoky, yellow, luminous flame compared to alkanes. This is because they are usually involved in incomplete combustion. This is because they release less energy per mole than alkanes in combustion

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10
Q

What are addition reactions? How do they help test for alkenes?

A

An atom/ group of atoms can combine with an alkene molecule to form a larger molecule. Alkenes react with bromine water turning the solution from orange/brown to colourless. Alkanes do not react

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11
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated so more hydrogen can be added across the double bond to make them saturated alkanes. This reaction is known as hydrogenation and takes place at 60 degrees Celsius with a nickel catalyst

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12
Q

What is hydration?

A

Hydration is the addition of water. To hydrate ethene, the reaction is at over 100 degrees Celsius, at high pressure, and uses concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst

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13
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Alcohols contain the functional group OH. Alcohols have the general formula C(n)H(2n+1)OH
Alcohols take name from alkanes but have the additional OH functional group

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14
Q

How do alcohols become carboxylic acids?

A

Chemical oxidising agents such as acidified potassium dichromate can oxidise alcohols to carboxylic acids. The same reaction takes place if ethanol is exposed to air

Ethanol + Oxygen atoms from oxidising agents ——> Ethanoic Acid + Water

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15
Q

Where is ethanol used?

A

Beverages
Fuels
Deodorant
Antiseptic

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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydration conditions of ethene?

A
  • Hydrating ethene uses cracking from crude oil so the materials are non-renewable
  • Moderately high temperature and pressure which are harsh reaction conditions
  • Phosphoric Acid Catalyst
  • 100% atom economy
17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation conditions of ethanol?

A
  • Raw materials of fermentation are renewable
  • Yeast cells have enzymes which catalyse reactions
  • Low yield and atom economy
  • Needs to be purified in fractional distillation
  • 35 degrees Celsius is optimum temperature (Easy)
18
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxylic acids have the functional group COOH. The general formula is C(n) H(2n+1) COOH
They always produce carbon dioxide in reactions

19
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a small molecule which combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

20
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a large molecule formed with many thousands of repeating units of small molecules called monomers

21
Q

What is addition polymerisation? Conditions?

A

Addition polymerisation is a reaction where many alkene monomers join together to form a long chain polymer. Requires hight temperature and a catalyst

22
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

In a condensation reaction, two molecules react to form one larger molecule and one smaller molecule. The smaller molecule is often water or hydrogen chloride

23
Q

What is condensation polymerisation? Conditions?

A

Condensation polymerisation is the joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule (usually water)
High Temperature, Sulfuric Acid

24
Q

What is ethanediol? What is dicarboxylic acid?

A

Ethanediol is an alcohol with 2 functional groups. Dicarboxylic acid contains 2 functional groups

25
Q

Comparison of Addition & Condensation Polymerisation

A

Addition // Condensation
Monomer with carbon double bond // Monomers with two functional groups
Backbone of polymer is continuous carbon chain // Polymer contains ester or amide bond
Only polymer product // Small molecule side product
Requires catalyst and high temperature // Requires catalyst and high temperature

26
Q

What is cracking? Conditions?

A

Chemical reaction that converts large alkane molecule into smaller alkane and alkene molecules.
High Temp (600-700), Alumina/Silica Catalyst

27
Q

Why is cracking done?

A

Cracking breaks down larger alkane molecules which are less useful into smaller alkane molecules which are more useful

28
Q

How do chemical cells work?

A

Exothermic reactions in the cell develop a potential difference or voltage between its two ends. These are then connected to a circuit where current flows

29
Q

What is the purpose of a fuel cell?

A

A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen, without combustion happening

30
Q

How does a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell work?

A

At the anode, hydrogen molecules lose electrons. They pass through a proton exchange membrane to the other side. Electrons from hydrogen travel through an external circuit to the other side too. Hydrogen ions combine with oxygen and electrons to form water vapour

31
Q

What is the half equation at the anode and cathode of the hydrogen fuel cell?

A

2H2 —> 4H(+) + 4e(-)

4H(+) + O2 + 4e(-) —> 2H2O

Chemistry (13 decks)

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