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12U Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bond angle of a carbon-to-carbon bond?

A

109.5°

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons composed of? Are the bonds polar?

A
  • hydrogens and carbons
  • non-polar bonds
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3
Q

Alkanes occur in what is called a ____________.

A

homologous series

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4
Q

Alkenes and Alkynes have what bonds?

A

double and triple bonds

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5
Q

Alkanes, with their maximum number of hydrogens, are ___________ hydrocarbons.

A

saturated

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6
Q

Is propene considered saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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7
Q

Butter has ________ fats (bad) and
some margarines have a lot
of ________ fats (good)

A
  1. saturated
  2. unsaturated
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8
Q

What is an aromatic compound? List a quality about them?

A
  • A compound based on the benzene ring (C6H6)
  • They smell
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9
Q

What are radicals? Give examples of radicals used in this course?

A

Molecules with at least one unpaired electron. F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S and NO2 are all radicals.

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10
Q

What chemicals fall under as “halogens?”

A

F, Cl, Br, I

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11
Q

What NO2’s prefix?

A

nitro-

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12
Q

What are Haloalkanes?

A

Halogen-based organic compounds

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13
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

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14
Q

When there are more than 1 double/triple bonds in a compound, what will be added to the name?

A

-a and di- (ex. hexa-2,4-diene)

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15
Q

What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?

A

aldehyde’s carbonyl group is on carbon #1 while a ketone does not have a carbonyl group on carbon #1. (aldehydes don’t hide)

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16
Q

What functional group is a ketone in?

A

Carbonyl group

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17
Q

What functional group is an aldehyde in?

A

Formyl group

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18
Q

What is the branch prefix for a carbonyl group?

A

formyl-

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19
Q

What is the branch prefix for benzene?

A

phenyl-

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20
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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21
Q

What is the branch prefix for formaldehyde?

A

form-

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22
Q

What is the branch prefix for acetaldehyde?

A

acetyl-

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23
Q

What is the branch prefix for propionaldehyde?

A

propion-

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24
Q

What is the branch prefix for butyraldehyde?

A

butyr-

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24
Q

What type of odor do larger aldehydes have?

A

flowery and pleasent odors

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25
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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26
Q

pentone or pentanone?

A

pentanone

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27
Q

T or F: Carbonyl group is a
very strong polar group

A

True (EN: 0.89)

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28
Q

The more carbons, the (lower/higher) the solubility.

A

lower

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29
Q

what group is alcohol apart of?

A

hydroxyl group

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30
Q

Wha classifies an alcohol or amine as primary/secondary/tertiary?

A

The number of carbons attached the center carbon of the hydroxyl/amino group

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31
Q

what is the suffix for a hydroxyl group?

A

-ol

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32
Q

When there is more than one hydroxyl group, what would be the additional prefixes and suffixes?

A

-e and di/tri-

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33
Q

What makes up an alcohol molecule?

A

A hydroxyl group (OH)

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34
Q

What makes up a carboxyl group?

A
  • Double bonded Oxygen (Carbonyl group)
  • OH group on the same carbon (Hydroxyl group)
35
Q

T or F: Carboxyl groups can only be found at the end of the parent chain.

36
Q

What is the suffix and ending for a carboxyl group?

37
Q

What are the polar locations in a hydroxyl group? What are their polarity ratings?

A
  • Carbonyl bond (C=O) - weak polar covalent
  • Hydroxyl bond (O-H) - strong polar covalent
38
Q

What are the three intermolecular forces? (ranked from strongest to weakest)

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding
  2. Dipole - dipole forces
  3. Van der Waal forces
39
Q

Alcohol + Aldehyde = _______

A

Carboxylic acid

40
Q

What is the bond angle of an ether structure?

41
Q

What is the naming format of an ether?

A

_____R_____-oxy______R’_____ane

42
Q

What hydrocarbon chain is considered the branch in an ether?

A

the lowest carbon chain (R)

(It will be shorter)

43
Q

How are esters produced?

A

a reaction between an alcohol (hydroxyl) and a carboxylic acid

44
Q

What are the products and reactants of a condensation reaction?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water

45
Q

What is the branch prefix for a hydroxyl group?

46
Q

What are examples of carboxylic acids?

A
  • They are found in many foods, including oil and vinegar (acetic acid), salad dressings, oranges.
  • citric acid
  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
  • Manufacturing of soaps, cosmetics or aspirin
47
Q

What are the suffixes for an ester group?

A

-yl (for the alcohol)
-oate (for the acid)

48
Q

What are the products and reactants of a hydrolysis reaction?

A

ester + water → carboxylic acid + alcohol

49
Q

What is an amine?

A

An ammonia molecule in which
one or more H atoms are substituted by
alkyl or aromatic groups.

50
Q

Amines are apart of what functional group?

A

amino group

51
Q

Ammonia formula is what?

52
Q

Why are amines less polar than alcohols?

A

the bond between N-C is weaker than the bond between H-C, also the N-H bonds are not as strong as the O-H hydrogen bonds

53
Q

The number of polar bonds ___________ as
you move from primary to secondary to
tertiary amines.

54
Q

Do tertiary amines form hydrogen bonds? Why or why not?

A

No since there are no available hydrogens attached to the nitrogen.

55
Q

What type of odour do amines typically have?

A

unpleasent odour

56
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

a compound in which an amino group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom.

57
Q

What is the suffix for an amide group?

58
Q

How are amides produced?

A

By the reaction of carboxylic
acids and amines

59
Q

State is the product: carboxylic acid + ammonia →

A

1° amide + water

60
Q

State the product: carboxylic acid + 1° amine →

A

2° amide + water

61
Q

State the product: carboxylic acid + 2° amine

A

3° amide + water

62
Q

what functional group has this general formula:

R - O - R’

63
Q

T/F: The boiling points of aldehydes are lower than those of alcohols having the same number of carbon atoms.

A

TRUE!!

This is because the strength of attraction among aldehydes are weaker than alcohol molecules.

64
Q

what functional group has this general formula:

R - N - R’

65
Q

Nail polish remover (Acetone) is an example of…

66
Q

T/F: Since carboxylic acids are strongly polar, they have low boiling (and
melting) points and are insoluble.

67
Q

T/F: As the length of the hydrocarbon chains increases in carboxyl, solubility increases.

A

FALSE!!

Longer carboxylic acids are less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic (non-polar) nature of the alkyl chain.

68
Q

Rank the following functional groups from the least polar to the most polar:
carboxylic acid
ketone
alcohol
alkane
alkyl halide

A

Alkane
Alkyl Halide
Ketone
Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid

69
Q

Which functional group has this general formula:

R - OH

A

Hydroxyl group (alcohols)

70
Q

What are examples of alcohols?

A
  • Adult beverages and Biofuel (ethanol)
  • Vicks Vaporub and Listerine (menthol and ethanol)
  • Car antifreeze (Ethylene glycol)
  • Disinfectants
71
Q

What property are esters most known for? And what are they used for?

A

They have pleasant scents!

  • Esters are produced naturally by fruit and they are artificially produced and added to many foods - especially candies and sweet foods.
  • Perfumes
  • Fragrance for soaps, powders and detergents
72
Q

Which functional group would you expect to conduct electricity and turn litmus paper red?

A

Carboxyl group

73
Q

What is the general formula for straight or branched chained alkanes

74
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes with one double bond

75
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes with one triple bond

76
Q

What is the general formula for cyclic alkanes

77
Q

Which molecule would be considered inorganic?

a) H2CO3
B) C2H2
C) CH4
D) C3H6O
E) C2H7N

78
Q

Which functional group is shown below:

R’ - NH - R

A

Secondary Amine

79
Q

Which is the formula for hept-1-ene?

A) C6H10
B) C6H12
C) C7H14
D) C7H16

80
Q

What type of scent do smaller aldehydes typically have?

A

Strong, unpleasant odours (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde)

81
Q

What are some examples of larger ketones?

A
  • hormones
  • pheromones
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • methandrostenalone (illegal steroid)
82
Q

What are the uses of Ethers?

A
  • Used in industry as a solvent for extracting chemicals
  • Ethers became the first surgical anaesthetics ever used (Anaesthesia)
  • Gasoline additive
83
Q

What are the uses of Amines?

A
  • Pharmaceuticals (codeine, epinephrine, ephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine)
  • Caffeine
  • Amino acids contain amino groups
  • Pest control
  • Explosives (nitroglycerin)
  • Dyes (indigo)
84
Q

What are the uses of amides?

A
  • Tough fibers in pants/jackets/parachutes (polyamides like Nylon and Kevlar)
  • Saccharin (sweetener)
  • Urea (end product of metabolism)
  • Over-the-counter meds (Tylenol, melatonin, penicillin)
  • Industrial uses (paper, plastics, adhesives, soaps)
  • Muscles tissue (YOU are a polyamide)

12U Chemistry (5 decks)

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