Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is the bond angle of a carbon-to-carbon bond?
A
109.5°
2
Q
What are hydrocarbons composed of? Are the bonds polar?
A
- hydrogens and carbons
- non-polar bonds
3
Q
Alkanes occur in what is called a ____________.
A
homologous series
4
Q
Alkenes and Alkynes have what bonds?
A
double and triple bonds
5
Q
Alkanes, with their maximum number of hydrogens, are ___________ hydrocarbons.
A
saturated
6
Q
Is propene considered saturated or unsaturated?
A
unsaturated
7
Q
Butter has ________ fats (bad) and
some margarines have a lot
of ________ fats (good)
A
- saturated
- unsaturated
8
Q
What is an aromatic compound? List a quality about them?
A
- A compound based on the benzene ring (C6H6)
- They smell
9
Q
What are radicals? Give examples of radicals used in this course?
A
Molecules with at least one unpaired electron. F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, S and NO2 are all radicals.
10
Q
What chemicals fall under as “halogens?”
A
F, Cl, Br, I
11
Q
What NO2’s prefix?
A
nitro-
12
Q
What are Haloalkanes?
A
Halogen-based organic compounds
13
Q
What are isomers?
A
Compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties
14
Q
When there are more than 1 double/triple bonds in a compound, what will be added to the name?
A
-a and di- (ex. hexa-2,4-diene)
15
Q
What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
A
aldehyde’s carbonyl group is on carbon #1 while a ketone does not have a carbonyl group on carbon #1. (aldehydes don’t hide)
16
Q
What functional group is a ketone in?
A
Carbonyl group
17
Q
What functional group is an aldehyde in?
A
Formyl group
18
Q
What is the branch prefix for a carbonyl group?
A
formyl-
19
Q
What is the branch prefix for benzene?
A
phenyl-
20
Q
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
A
-al
21
Q
What is the branch prefix for formaldehyde?
A
form-
22
Q
What is the branch prefix for acetaldehyde?
A
acetyl-
23
Q
What is the branch prefix for propionaldehyde?
A
propion-
24
Q
What is the branch prefix for butyraldehyde?
A
butyr-
24
What type of odor do larger aldehydes have?
flowery and pleasent odors
25
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
26
pentone or pentanone?
pentanone
27
T or F: Carbonyl group is a
very strong polar group
True (EN: 0.89)
28
The more carbons, the (lower/higher) the solubility.
lower
29
what group is alcohol apart of?
hydroxyl group
30
Wha classifies an alcohol or amine as primary/secondary/tertiary?
The number of carbons attached the center carbon of the hydroxyl/amino group
31
what is the suffix for a hydroxyl group?
-ol
32
When there is more than one hydroxyl group, what would be the additional prefixes and suffixes?
-e and di/tri-
33
What makes up an alcohol molecule?
A hydroxyl group (OH)
34
What makes up a carboxyl group?
- Double bonded Oxygen (Carbonyl group)
- OH group on the same carbon (Hydroxyl group)
35
T or F: Carboxyl groups can only be found at the end of the parent chain.
True
36
What is the suffix and ending for a carboxyl group?
-oic acid
37
What are the polar locations in a hydroxyl group? What are their polarity ratings?
- Carbonyl bond (C=O) - weak polar covalent
- Hydroxyl bond (O-H) - strong polar covalent
38
What are the three intermolecular forces? (ranked from strongest to weakest)
1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Dipole - dipole forces
3. Van der Waal forces
39
Alcohol + Aldehyde = _______
Carboxylic acid
40
What is the bond angle of an ether structure?
112°
41
What is the naming format of an ether?
_____R_____-oxy______R'_____ane
42
What hydrocarbon chain is considered the branch in an ether?
the lowest carbon chain (R)
(It will be shorter)
43
How are esters produced?
a reaction between an alcohol (hydroxyl) and a carboxylic acid
44
What are the products and reactants of a condensation reaction?
carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water
45
What is the branch prefix for a hydroxyl group?
hydroxy-
46
What are examples of carboxylic acids?
- They are found in many foods, including oil and vinegar (acetic acid), salad dressings, oranges.
- citric acid
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
- Manufacturing of soaps, cosmetics or aspirin
47
What are the suffixes for an ester group?
-yl (for the alcohol)
-oate (for the acid)
48
What are the products and reactants of a hydrolysis reaction?
ester + water → carboxylic acid + alcohol
49
What is an amine?
An ammonia molecule in which
one or more H atoms are substituted by
alkyl or aromatic groups.
50
Amines are apart of what functional group?
amino group
51
Ammonia formula is what?
NH3
52
Why are amines less polar than alcohols?
the bond between N-C is weaker than the bond between H-C, also the N-H bonds are not as strong as the O-H hydrogen bonds
53
The number of polar bonds ___________ as
you move from primary to secondary to
tertiary amines.
decreases
54
Do tertiary amines form hydrogen bonds? Why or why not?
No since there are no available hydrogens attached to the nitrogen.
55
What type of odour do amines typically have?
unpleasent odour
56
What is an amino acid?
a compound in which an amino group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom.
57
What is the suffix for an amide group?
-amide
58
How are amides produced?
By the reaction of carboxylic
acids and amines
59
State is the product: carboxylic acid + ammonia →
1° amide + water
60
State the product: carboxylic acid + 1° amine →
2° amide + water
61
State the product: carboxylic acid + 2° amine
3° amide + water
62
what functional group has this general formula:
R - O - R'
Ether
63
T/F: The boiling points of aldehydes are lower than those of alcohols having the same number of carbon atoms.
TRUE!!
This is because the strength of attraction among aldehydes are weaker than alcohol molecules.
64
what functional group has this general formula:
R - N - R'
Amine
65
Nail polish remover (Acetone) is an example of...
A Ketone
66
T/F: Since carboxylic acids are strongly polar, they have low boiling (and
melting) points and are insoluble.
False!
67
T/F: As the length of the hydrocarbon chains increases in carboxyl, solubility increases.
FALSE!!
Longer carboxylic acids are less soluble due to the increasing hydrophobic (non-polar) nature of the alkyl chain.
68
Rank the following functional groups from the least polar to the most polar:
carboxylic acid
ketone
alcohol
alkane
alkyl halide
Alkane
Alkyl Halide
Ketone
Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid
69
Which functional group has this general formula:
R - OH
Hydroxyl group (alcohols)
70
What are examples of alcohols?
- Adult beverages and Biofuel (ethanol)
- Vicks Vaporub and Listerine (menthol and ethanol)
- Car antifreeze (Ethylene glycol)
- Disinfectants
71
What property are esters most known for? And what are they used for?
They have pleasant scents!
- Esters are produced naturally by fruit and they are artificially produced and added to many foods - especially candies and sweet foods.
- Perfumes
- Fragrance for soaps, powders and detergents
72
Which functional group would you expect to conduct electricity and turn litmus paper red?
Carboxyl group
73
What is the general formula for straight or branched chained alkanes
CnH2n+2
74
What is the general formula for alkenes with one double bond
CnH2n
75
What is the general formula for alkynes with one triple bond
CnH2n-2
76
What is the general formula for cyclic alkanes
CnH2n
77
Which molecule would be considered inorganic?
a) H2CO3
B) C2H2
C) CH4
D) C3H6O
E) C2H7N
A)
78
Which functional group is shown below:
R’ - NH - R
Secondary Amine
79
Which is the formula for hept-1-ene?
A) C6H10
B) C6H12
C) C7H14
D) C7H16
C)
80
What type of scent do smaller aldehydes typically have?
Strong, unpleasant odours (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde)
81
What are some examples of larger ketones?
- hormones
- pheromones
- progesterone
- testosterone
- methandrostenalone (illegal steroid)
82
What are the uses of Ethers?
- Used in industry as a solvent for extracting chemicals
- Ethers became the first surgical anaesthetics ever used (Anaesthesia)
- Gasoline additive
83
What are the uses of Amines?
- Pharmaceuticals (codeine, epinephrine, ephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine)
- Caffeine
- Amino acids contain amino groups
- Pest control
- Explosives (nitroglycerin)
- Dyes (indigo)
84
What are the uses of amides?
- Tough fibers in pants/jackets/parachutes (polyamides like Nylon and Kevlar)
- Saccharin (sweetener)
- Urea (end product of metabolism)
- Over-the-counter meds (Tylenol, melatonin, penicillin)
- Industrial uses (paper, plastics, adhesives, soaps)
- Muscles tissue (YOU are a polyamide)
