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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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2
Q

Organic Molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon atoms.

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3
Q

Saturated Compound?

A

A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.

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4
Q

Unsaturated Compound?

A

A compound in which there is at least one double bond and/or triple bond between carbon atoms.

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5
Q

Functional Group?

A

An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule.

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6
Q

Homologous Series?

A

A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and the same general formula, in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit.

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7
Q

Structural Formula?

A

Diagram that shows all the bonds between atoms in the molecule.

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8
Q

Condensed Structural Formula?

A

Has the atoms written in groups, giving the structure ambiguously by not showing all the bonds.

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9
Q

What are the prefixes? List them in order from 1 to 8.

A

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept and Oct.

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10
Q

Structural Isomers?

A

Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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11
Q

What are the 2 branches?

A

Methyl: 1 carbon.
Ethyl: 2 carbons.

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12
Q

The General Formulae for Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes?

A

Alkanes: CnH2n+2
Alkenes: CnH2n
Alkynes: CnH2n-2

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13
Q

The General Formula for Alcohols?

A

CnH2n+2O

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14
Q

The General Formulae for Carboxylic Acids and Esters?

A

Both: CnH2nO2

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15
Q

The General Formulae for Ketones and Aldehydes?

A

Both: CnH2nO

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16
Q

IMFs in hydrocarbons?

A

London forces between non-polar molecules. Such forces exist between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

17
Q

IMFs in Haloaklanes?

A

Dipole-Dipole forces between polar molecules. Such forces occur in haloalkanes and esters.

18
Q

IMFs in Alcohols?

A

A strong hydrogen bond between O and H of nearby molecules.

19
Q

IMFs in Carboxylic Acids?

A

Strong hydrogen bonds between two pairs of O and H atoms of nearby molecules.

20
Q

Elimination?

A

A reaction in which 2 atoms or groups of atoms are removed from a saturated molecule.

21
Q

The details and conditions of Dehydration?

A

Deals with alcohols in which there has been a removal of an H and an OH group - both as water. Conditions are heat with concentrated H2SO4 or another catalyst.

22
Q

The details and conditions of Dehydrogenation?

A

Deals with alkanes in which there has been a removal of 2H atoms as H2. Conditions are to mix with superheated steam.

23
Q

The details and conditions of Dehydrohalogenation?

A

Deals with haloalkanes in which there has been a removal of a hydrogen halide. Conditions include heat with a concentrated strong base dissolved in ethanol. No water should be present.

24
Q

The details and conditions of cracking?

A

Cracking is a type of elimination reaction performed to break bigger alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes. Conditions are that there must be no air present with the choice of either thermal or catalytic cracking. Note: Only one product should be an alkane also, no products are alkanes if H2 is a product as well.

25
Q

Types of Cracking?

A

Thermal: Done at high temperature and pressure.
Catalytic: Done at lower temperature and pressure, using a catalyst.

26
Q

Addition?

A

When 2 atoms or groups of atoms are added to an alkene.

27
Q

The details and conditions of hydration?

A

The addition of an H atom and an OH group - both as water - to an alkene. Conditions include excess H2O and a strong acid catalyst.

28
Q

The details and conditions of hydrogenation?

A

The addition of 2 H atoms to an alkene. Conditions include reaction in non-polar solvent, the use of a Pt/Pd/Ni catalyst, and an H2 atmosphere.

29
Q

The details and conditions of Hydrohalogenation?

A

The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene. Chemical reaction is spontaneous, but water must not be present (dry).

30
Q

The details and conditions of Halogenation?

A

The addition of 2 halogen atoms to an alkene. Chemical reaction is completely spontaneous.

31
Q

Combustion? What are the products of complete and incomplete combustion?

A

The burning of a hydrocarbon in oxygen. The products of complete combustion are CO2 and H2O. The products of incomplete combustion are those two and deadly CO gas.

32
Q

Substitution?

A

When one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. There is no change in saturation for substitution reactions.

33
Q

How do branches reduce IMF strength?

A

Branches decrease the interactive surface area for intermolecular forces to take place and lowers the strength of these forces.

34
Q

Macromolecule?

A

A molecule that consists of a large number of atoms.

35
Q

Conditions of combustion?

A

Conditions include excess Oxygen and a spark or flame to provide activation energy.

36
Q

How do you predict the major product?

A

The H atom leaves from the carbon, which already has the fewest Hs. The H atom adds onto the carbon, which already has the most Hs.

37
Q

What should you understand about these flashcards?

A

That despite being long, lots of information isn’t covered, so value the Calculation Guides just as much.

Chemistry (11 decks)

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