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Chemsitry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds

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2
Q

What does carbon form?

A

A vast number of compounds because it can form strong covalent bonds with itself.

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3
Q

What does carbon forming a vast number of compounds enable?

A

This enables it to form long chains of carbon atoms, and hence an almost infinite variety of carbon compounds are known.

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4
Q

What does Carbon always form?

A

Carbon always forms four covalent bonds which can be single, double or triple bonds.

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5
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms which confer certain physical and chemical properties onto the molecule.

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6
Q

What do organic compounds with the same functional group belong to?

A

Organic compounds with the same functional group, but a different number of carbon atoms, are said to belong to the same homologous series.

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7
Q

What happens every time a carbon atom is added to the chain?

A

Two hydrogen atoms are also added.

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8
Q

What is the way that organic compounds can be represented in a general formulae?

A
  • This type of formula tells you the composition of any member of a whole homologous series of organic compound.
  • For example, all of the alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2.
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9
Q

What does the displayed formulae show?

A

This shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule.

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10
Q

What does the molecular formulae show?

A

This shows the actual number of each atom in a molecule, one molecule at a time.

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11
Q

What does a structural formulae show?

A
  • This gives enough information to make the structure clear, but most of the actual covalent bonds are omitted.
  • Only important bonds are shown, such as double and triple bonds.
  • Identical groups can be bracketed together.
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12
Q

What can be said about the homologous series?

A
  • each member has the same functional group.
  • each member has the same general formula.
  • each member has similar chemical properties.
  • each subsequent member differs by -CH2 -.
  • members have gradually changing physical properties, for example, boiling point, melting point and density.
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13
Q

What happens when the homogenous series is ascended?

A

The size of the molecule increases.

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14
Q

What does the size of the molecule effect the physical properties?

A

It effects the boiling point and density.

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15
Q

What is the chemical formulae for methane?

A

CH4

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16
Q

What is the chemical formulae for ethane?

A

C2H6

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17
Q

What is the chemical formulae for propane?

A

C3H8

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18
Q

What is the chemical formulae for butane?

A

C4H10

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19
Q

What is the boiling point of methane?

A

-162 Degrees Celsius

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20
Q

What is the boiling point of ethane?

A

-89 Degrees Celsius

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21
Q

What is the boiling point of Propane?

A

-42 Degrees Celsius

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22
Q

What is the boiling point of Butane?

A

-1 Degree Celsius

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23
Q

What are the states of Methane, Ethane, Propane and Butane?

A

Gas

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24
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a finite resource which we find in the Earth’s crust.

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25
Q

Is crude oil a simple or complex mixture?

A

It is a complex mixture of compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, which also contains natural gas.

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26
Q

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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27
Q

What do the hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil consist of?

A

They consist of a carbon backbone which can be in a ring or chain, with hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms.

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28
Q

What does the mixture contain in crude oil?

A

The mixture contains molecules with many different ring sizes and chain lengths.

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of crude oil?

A

It is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found in porous rock (under the ground and under the sea).

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30
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Crude oil formed over millions of years from the effects of high pressures and temperatures on the remains of biomass (plants and animals), mainly plankton that was buried in mud.

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31
Q

How quickly is crude oil made?

A

It is being used up much faster than it is being formed, which is why we say crude oil is a finite resource.

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32
Q

What are Alkanes?

A

Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbons.

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33
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

The term saturated means that they only have single carbon-carbon bonds, there are no double bonds.

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34
Q

What is the general formula for the homologous series?

A

CnH2n+2.

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35
Q

What colour are alkanes?

A

They are colourless compounds which have a gradual change in their physical properties as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases.

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36
Q

What are the qualities of alkanes?

A

Alkanes are generally unreactive compounds but they do undergo combustion reactions, can be cracked into smaller molecules and can react with halogens in the presence of light.

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37
Q

What is methane?

A

Methane is an alkane and is the major component of natural gas.

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38
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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39
Q

What is the formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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40
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

41
Q

What is the formula for butane?

A

C4H10

42
Q

Why is crude oil as a mixture not very helpful?

A

Crude oil as a mixture is not a very useful substance but the different hydrocarbons that make up the mixture, called fractions, are enormously valuable, with each fraction having many different applications.

43
Q

What does each fraction in the fractioning column consist of?

A

Groups of hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths.

44
Q

How are the fractions in crude oil separated?

A

They are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation.

45
Q

What do the molecules in each fraction have?

A

Each fraction has properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

46
Q

What does the size and length of each hydrocarbon determine?

A

The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines in which fraction it will be separated into.

47
Q

What is the size of each molecule directly related to?

A

It is directly related to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms the molecule contains.

48
Q

What do most fractions contain?

A

Most fractions contain mainly alkanes, which are compounds of carbon and hydrogen with only single bonds between them.

49
Q

Why is fractional distillation carried out?

A

Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column which is very hot at the bottom and cool at the top.

50
Q

Where does crude oil enter the fractional column?

A

Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise.

51
Q

What do the vapours of hydrocarbons do?

A

Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately condense into liquid at the higher temperatures lower down and are tapped off at the bottom of the column.

52
Q

What happens when vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points rise?

A

Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off.

53
Q

What do the different fractions do?

A

The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids.

54
Q

Where is the fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons collected from?

A

It is collected from the top of the fractionating column as gases.

55
Q

Where is the fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons collected from?

A

The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column.

56
Q

Where are petrochemicals used?

A

The fuels that are used in most modern methods of transport (cars, trains, airplanes, etc.) are all based on oil products.

57
Q

What are products that are obtained by crude oil?

A

Polymers, lubricants, solvents, detergents and adhesives.

58
Q

What are the uses of liquified petroleum gas?

A

Domestic heating & cooking

59
Q

What are the uses of petrol?

A

Fuels from cars (gasoline)

60
Q

What are the uses of Kerosene?

A

Jet fuel (paraffin)

61
Q

What are the uses of Diesel?

A

Diesel engines (gas oil)

62
Q

What are the uses of heavy fuel oil?

A

Ships & power stations.

63
Q

What are the uses of Bitumen?

A

Surfacing roads and roofs.

64
Q

How are hydrocarbons grouped together?

A

The hydrocarbons are grouped together into homologous series according to their functional group and common formula.

65
Q

What does each alkane have?

A

Each alkane has a boiling point that is higher than the one before it.

66
Q

What happens as the molecules get bigger?

A

As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules becomes greater as there are more electrons in the molecules and greater surface area contact between them.

67
Q

What does it mean if intermolecular forces are strong for heat?

A

This means that more heat is needed to separate the molecules, hence with increasing molecular size there is an increase in boiling point.

68
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity refers to the ease of flow of a liquid.

69
Q

What are high viscosity liquids like?

A

High viscosity liquids are thick and flow less easily
- The opposite of high viscosity is to say a liquid is runny.

70
Q

When does viscosity increase?

A
  • Viscosity also increases with increasing chain length.
  • This is also due to the increased intermolecular forces of attraction as molecular size increases.
71
Q

What does increased viscosity mean?

A

Increased viscosity means that longer chained alkanes are useful as lubricants in machinery as they are less likely to burn and function to reduce friction between moving parts.

72
Q

Why does molecular size have a impact on flammability?

A
  • Molecular size again influences the ease of ignition or flammability of hydrocarbons.
  • Smaller hydrocarbon molecules are more flammable and are easier to ignite than larger molecules.
73
Q

Why are smaller hydrocarbons more useful?

A

This makes them very useful as fuels, releasing large amounts of energy when they burn.

74
Q

What is combustion?

A
  • Hydrocarbons undergo combustion in the presence of air.
  • Complete combustion occurs to form water and carbon dioxide gas.
75
Q

What happens when carbon and hydrogen from the fuel are oxidised?

A

Carbon and hydrogen from the fuel are oxidised / gain oxygen:
- Hydrogen oxidises to form water.
- Carbon oxidises to form carbon dioxide.

76
Q

What is petrol largely made from?

A

Petrol is largely composed of isomers of octane, C8H18 , which requires large amounts of oxygen to combust fully.

77
Q

What will car exhausts contain?

A

The efficiency of car engines does not usually enable all the petrol to burn, so car exhaust will contain small amounts of unburnt hydrocarbons as well as other products such as carbon monoxide and soot which lead to environmental problems.

78
Q

What do saturated and unsatured bonds contain?

A

Saturated molecules contain single bonds only whereas unsaturated molecules contain double bonds between their carbon atoms.

79
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated Compounds

80
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated compounds

81
Q

What do long chain alkane molecules produce?

A

Long chain alkane molecules are further processed to produce other products consisting of smaller chain molecules.

82
Q

What is cracking?

A

A process called cracking is used to convert them into short chain molecules which are more useful.

83
Q

What is produced due to cracking?

A

Small alkenes and hydrogen are produced using this process.

84
Q

What substances are cracked to produce petrol?

A

Kerosene and diesel oil.

85
Q

What are the two methods used to crack alkanes?

A

Catalytic cracking and steam cracking.

86
Q

What does catalytic cracking involve?

A

Catalytic cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 470 – 550°C to vaporise them.

87
Q

What happens to the vapour in catalytic cracking?

A
  • The vapours then pass over a hot powdered catalyst of aluminium oxide.
  • This process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules as they come into contact with the surface of the catalyst, causing thermal decomposition reactions.
88
Q

What happens to the molecules in catalytic cracking?

A

The molecules are broken up in a random way which produces a mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes.

89
Q

What happens to hydrogen and higher proportion of alkanes when they are formed?

A

Higher temperatures and higher pressure.

90
Q

What happens when steam or thermal cracking occur?

A

In steam or thermal cracking the process is carried out at slightly higher temperatures and produces more ring structures and unsaturated compounds.

91
Q

What are the vaporised hydrocarbons mixed with?

A

The vaporised hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature which induces cracking.

92
Q

What is the structure of an alkene?

A

They have at least one double bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain.

93
Q

What can a double bond be written as?

A

C=C.

94
Q

Why are alkenes more desirable?

A

Alkenes are generally more desirable than alkanes as they are more reactive due to the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond, so they can take part in reactions in which alkanes cannot, making them more useful than alkanes.

95
Q

What are alkenes used to make?

A

They are used to make polymers and are the starting materials for the production of many other chemicals.

96
Q

What are two useful reactions?

A

Two useful reactions are the bromination of alkenes and polymerisation.

97
Q

What happens to bromine water when an alkane is added?

A

No change to bromine water.

98
Q

What happens to bromine water when an alkene is added?

A

Bromine Water Decolourised.

Chemsitry (10 decks)

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