organic chemistry Flashcards
functional group
a group of atoms or bonds that are responsible for the chemical reactivity of a molecule
a group of atoms or bonds that are responsible for the chemical reactivity of a molecule
a functional group
functional group in an alcohol
-OH hydroxyl group
functional group in a carboxylic acid
O=C-OH carboxyl group
acid + alkali—–>
acid + metal oxide—–>
salt + water
acid + metal carbonate ——>
salt + carbon dioxide + water
ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide —>
sodium ethanoate and water
how are esters formed
condensation reaction/ esterfication
esters general formula
=O
R-C-O-R’ R-COO-R’
ester reaction equation
alcohol + acid <===> Ester + water
condensation definition
a chemical reaction which two or more molecules or functional groups combine to form a larger molecule together with the loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis definition
a chemical reaction in which a water molecule breaks down a large molecule into smaller molecules
what does the esterification reaction require
conc sulfuric acid H2SO4 as a catalyst
how is conc sulfuric acid useful during esterification
absorbs water and prevents reverse reaction from occurring
why can a bunsen not be used during esterification
alcohol is flammable
distillation
the components of a mixture containing two different (e.g. alcohol and water)liquids are separated by their boiling points
butanol+ethanoic acid
butyl ethanoate
unsaturated
Oils
saturated
fats
concentrated energy source
fats and oils
what are fatty acids
the acids in fats and oils
fats and oils can also be known as
triglycerides
why are fats solid
due to close packing of hydrocarbon chains. ldfs exist between the fats molecules
how do C=C effect the oil
cause more kinks in molecules unable to pack closely. fewer intermolecular forces, lower MP
soap equation
fat/oil + Alkali ——> Soap + Glycerol
soaps defintion
the sodium salts of fatty acids which are formed by the alkaline hydrolysis if fats and oils.
what do soap and detergents do summary
allow immiscible liquids to mix and form an emulsion
what is an emulsifying agent
a substance which stabilise emulsions stopping them separating out
hydrophobic defintion
tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
hydrophilic definition
materials with an affinity for water
