Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
methane
A
straight-chain alkane
2
Q
ethane
A
straight-chain alkane
3
Q
propane
A
straight-chain alkane
4
Q
butane
A
straight-chain alkane
5
Q
pentane
A
straight-chain alkane
6
Q
hexane
A
straight-chain alkane
7
Q
heptane
A
straight-chain alkane
8
Q
octane
A
straight-chain alkane
9
Q
nonane
A
straight-chain alkane
10
Q
decane
A
straight-chain alkane
11
Q
halo substituent -F
A
fluoro
12
Q
halo substituent -Cl
A
chloro
13
Q
halo substituent -Br
A
bromo
14
Q
halo substituent -I
A
iodo
15
Q
nitro substituent -NO2
A
nitro
16
Q
substitutes that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms that are connected by single bonds
A
Alkyl groups
17
Q
methyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
18
Q
ethyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
19
Q
propyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
20
Q
butyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
21
Q
pentyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
22
Q
hexyl
A
straight-chain alkyl groups
23
Q
when the main chain of a molecule has attached alkyl groups, the molecule is…
A
branched
24
Q
if a molecule contains at least one ring made entirely of carbon atoms, then a ring could establish the root as a…
A
cycloalkane
25
an oxygen atom joins two alkyl groups, R and R'
ether
26
alkyl group + oxygen
alkoxy group
27
non superimposable molecules that have the same connectivity but differ by rotations about single bonds
Conformational Isomers
28
a 2-D representation of a molecule viewed down the bond of interest
Newman Projection
29
a plot of molecule's energy as a function of one or more of its dihedral angles
Conformational analysis
30
a rotational geometry in which the bonds to the front atom in a Newman Projection cover or "eclipse" the bonds to the rear atom; possess torsional strains
Eclipsed conformations
31
a geometry in which each single bond on the front carbon atom in a Newman Projection bisects a pair of single bonds on the rear carbon; does NOT possess torsional strain
Staggered conformations
32
an increase in energy that appears in an eclipsed conformation
Torsional strain
33
the amount of energy needed to convert one conformer into another by rotation about a specified bond
Rotational Energy Barrier
34
an increase in energy that results from electron repulsion between atoms or groups of atoms that are not directly bonded together but occupy the same space
Steric Strain
35
bulky groups are 180 degrees apart in Newman projection; do NOT contribute steric strain; lower energy = preferred
Anti conformation
36
bulky groups are 60 degrees apart in Newman projection; contribute steric strain
Gauche conformation
37
the increase in energy due to geometric constraints of the bonds and substituents involved in a ring; partly responsible for the instability of rings other than 5- and 6- membered ones
Ring Strain
38
a cyclohexane geometry in which all bond angles of the ring are about 111 degrees and all C-C bonds are staggered
Chair Confirmation
39
lowest-energy geometry of cyclopentane where 4 of its 5 carbon atoms lie essentially in one plane, with the fifth carbon outside that plane; geometry resembles an envelope
Envelope Confirmation
40
bonds that lie almost in the plane that is roughly defined by the ring and point outward from the center of the ring
Equatorial bonds
41
bonds that are perpendicular to the plane
Axial bonds
42
process of single-bond rotations that convert one chair conformation of cyclohexane into the other; converts axial H+ into equatorial H+ and vice versa
Chair flip
43
steric strain resulting from atoms or groups of atoms attached to C-1 and C-4 of cyclohexane in its boat conformations
Flagpole interactions
44
the result when one of the hydrogen atoms in cyclohexane is replaced by another substituent; decrease in energy when the substituent occupies an equatorial position
Mono-substituted cyclohexane
45
two different molecules with same molecular formula
Isomer
46
rotational differences around a C-C sigma bond
Conformer
47
the ring is depicted as being planar and bonds to the substituents are drawn perpendicular to the plane
Haworth Projection
48
have the same molecular formula but differ in their connectivity; must have the same total number of pi bonds and rings
Constitutional Isomers
49
a sugar whose carbonyl group involves a terminal C, characteristic of an aldehyde
Aldose
50
a sugar whose carbonyl group involves an internal C, characteristic of a ketone
Ketose
51
molecule with just one C=C double bond
Monounsaturated
52
more than one C=C double bond
Polyunsaturated
53
one of the naturally occurring fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the human body by any known chemical pathway; instead, it must be consumed
Essential fatty acids
54
(# of H's missing from fully saturated)/2
index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)
55
molecular species that have the same connectivity but differ in a way other than by rotations about single bonds
Configurational isomers
56
configurational isomers that are mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
57
configurational isomers that are not mirror images of each other
Diasteromers
58
describes two molecules for which there is no orientation such that all atoms of both molecules can be superimposed
Nonsuperimposable
59
if a molecule has an enantiomer
Chiral
60
if a molecule does not have an enantiomer
Achiral
61
a plane that bisects a molecule in such a way that one half of the molecule is the mirror image of the other half; a molecule that has this must be achiral
Plane of Symmetry
