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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

Homologous Series

A

A family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula

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3
Q

Alkane general formula

A

Cn H2n+2

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4
Q

Saturated Compound

A

A compound that only has single bonds e.g. a saturated hydrocarbon only has 4 single covalent bonds

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5
Q

Alkane Properties

A
  • Boiling Point increases with chain length
  • Methane, Ethane, Propane and Butane are all gases at room temp. (low boiling points)
  • Shorter alkanes are volatile, longer ones are viscous
  • Shorter alkanes are more flammable
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6
Q

Hydrocarbon Combustion Equation

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> CO2 + H2O

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7
Q

Why is fractional distillation used to separate crude oil?

A
  • Different hydrocarbons in crude oil have different boiling points
  • Fractional distillation means they will separate at different temperatures
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8
Q

How does fractional distillation separate crude oil?

A
  • Crude oil is vapourised
  • Gas is put into fractionating column which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  • Gas rises up the column and condenses into liquid when it reaches a part of the column at a lower temp. than it’s boiling point
  • Different hydrocarbons will condense at different temperatures
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9
Q

Where will longer hydrocarbons condense?

A
  • Near the bottom of the column
  • The have high boiling points so they won’t stay gas for long and stay low down the column where it’s hotter
  • E.g. Bitumen, heavy fuel petrol
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10
Q

Where will shorter hydrocarbons condense?

A
  • Near the top of the column
  • They have lower boiling points so they will stay gas for longer and rise higher up the column where it’s cooler
  • E.g. Kerosene, petrol, LGP
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11
Q

What are shorter hydrocarbons used for?

A
  • Fuels
  • Short hydrocarbons are more flammable so they produce more fuel
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12
Q

What are longer hydrocarbons used for?

A
  • They are broken down into to shorter chains using cracking
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13
Q

Feedstock

A

A raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction

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14
Q

Petrochemicals

A

A substance made from crude oil by fractional distillation e.g.bitumen, diesel oil, kerosene

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15
Q

Cracking

A

Breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking?

A
  • Catalytic cracking
  • Steam cracking
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17
Q

Catalytic cracking

A
  • Crude oil is vapourised by heating it
  • Vapour is passed over a hot aluminium oxide catalyst
  • Hydrocarbons come into contact with catalyst and split into smaller hydrocarbons
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18
Q

Steam cracking

A
  • Crude oil is vapourised by heating it
  • Vapour is mixed with steam
  • The vapour steam mixture is heated to very high temperatures
  • This causes the hydrocarbons to split
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19
Q

General formula for cracking

A

Long chain alkane –> Shorter chain alkane + alkene

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20
Q

What are the leftover alkenes used for

A
  • Production of polymers
  • Starter materials for other substances
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21
Q

Alkene Properties

A
  • Have a double bond
  • Means they are unsaturated
  • More reactive than alkanes
    (because of double bond)
  • Can join together to form polymers by breaking their double bonds into 2 or more bonds
22
Q

Test for Alkenes

A
  • Add bromine water to a liquid substance
  • If alkenes are present, the bromine water goes from orange to colourless
23
Q

What are the different types of addition reactions?

A
  • Addition of hydrogen
  • Addition of water
  • Addition of halogens
24
Q

Hydrogen addition Reaction

A
  • Alkene bonds with hydrogen to form an alkane
  • Reaction needs a catalyst
  • The product is saturated
  • CnH2n + H2 –> CnH2n+2
25
Q

Water Addition Reaction

A
  • Alkene bonds with water to form an alcohol
  • Reaction needs a catalyst and high temperatures
  • Product is saturated
  • CnH2n + H2O –> CnH2n+1OH
26
Q

Halogen Addition Reaction

A
  • Alkene bond with a halogen to form a halogen ethane (e.g. dibromoethane)
  • Product is saturated
27
Q

How do you name an addition polymer?

A
  • Add ‘poly’ in front of the monomer’s name
  • Put the monomer name in brackets
28
Q

Addition Polymerisation Conditions

A
  • High pressure
  • Prescence of a catalyst
29
Q

Alcohols

A
  • Homologous Series
  • Have an OH functional group
  • Names are similar to alkanes (except they have an ‘ol’ instead of an ‘e’
  • E.g. ethanol, propanol
  • General formula: CnH2n+1OH
30
Q

Properties of Alcohols

A
  • Flammable: Complete combustion (alcohol + water –> CO2 +water
  • Soluble: Dissolve in water to form a neutral pH solution
  • Oxidise to form carboxylic acids
31
Q

Uses of Alcohols

A
  • Used as fuel (as they can combust)
  • Used as solvents in industry (can dissolve things water can’t; hydrocarbons, lipid compounds)
  • Used in alcoholic drinks
32
Q

Uses of Ethanol

A
  • Chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
  • Used as biofuel
  • Used in alcoholic drinks (wine, beer, spirits)
33
Q

Ethene + Steam Method

A
  • C2H4 +H2O –> C2H5OH
  • This is addition polymerisation of water
34
Q

Conditions for Ethene + Steam Method

A
  • High temperatures (300 degrees C)
  • High pressure (60-70 atms)
  • Phosphoric Acid Catalyst
35
Q

Advantages for Ethene + Steam Method

A
  • Ethene is cheap
  • Overall reaction is cheap and efficient
36
Q

Disadvantages for Ethene + Steam Method

A
  • Ethene is made from crude oil which is non-renewable
  • If crude oil starts to run out then it will become expensive
37
Q

Fermentation Method

A
  • Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
  • Fermentation is anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast cells
38
Q

Conditions for Fermentation Method

A
  • Carried out in fermentation tanks
  • Yeast cells should have naturally occurring enzymes to catalyse the reaction
  • Temperatures of 30-40 degrees C
  • Anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) so ethanol doesn’t oxidise
39
Q

Advantages of Fermentation Method

A
  • Glucose/sugar is a renewable resource
  • Yeast is easy to grow
40
Q

Disadvantages of Fermentation Method

A
  • Process is slow
  • Doesn’t produce pure ethanol so it needs to be separated by fractional distillation which is expensive
41
Q

Carboxylic Acids

A
  • Homologous Series
  • Functional group of COOH
  • Names all end in ‘anoic acid’
  • E.g. Ethanoic Acid, Propanoic Acid
  • General Formula CnH2n+1COOH
42
Q

Properties of Carboxylic Acids

A
  • Weak Acids (partially ionise)
  • Ionisation of carboxylic acids is written as a reversible reaction
  • E.g Propanoic Acid <–> Propanoate ion + Hydrogen+ ion
  • React with metal carbonates to form a salt+water+CO2
43
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

By oxidising an alcohol with an oxidising agent

44
Q

Esters

A
  • Homologous Series
  • Functional group of -COO-
  • General Formula: R-COO-R
45
Q

Properties of Esters

A
  • Pleasant smelling
  • Smell sweet or fruity so used in food flavouring and perfumes
  • Volatile (Evaporate easily)
46
Q

How are esters made?

A
  • Carboxylic acid + Alcohol
  • Presence of sulfuric acid catalyst
  • The OH from the carboxylic acid and the H from the alcohol form water
  • Products: Ester + Water
47
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A
  • Monomers bond to form a polymer + water
  • Requires a diol monomer and a dicarboxylic acid
  • The diol gives up a hydrogen atom
  • The dicarboxylic acid gives up an OH group
48
Q

Polyester

A
  • Biodegradable
  • Bacteria breaks down the ester links
  • This is different to addition polymers that aren’t biodegradable
49
Q

Naturally occurring polymers

A
  • Polypeptides
  • DNA
  • Carbohydrates
50
Q

Polypeptides

A
  • Long chains of amino acids
  • Chain folds up to form a protein
  • Amino acid contain an amine group and a carboxylic acid group (COOH)
  • Amino group means an amino acid can join with other amino acids by condensation polymerisation
51
Q

DNA

A
  • Made from nucleotides
  • All nucleotides contain bases
52
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Only made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • Polymers are called polysaccharides
  • Monomers are called monosaccharides

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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