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Chemistry A-level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first ten alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane

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2
Q

What does it mean by saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated-Single bonds
Unsaturated- Double bonds

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3
Q

What is the general formula for a alkyl group?

A

CnH2n+1

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4
Q

What functional group is represented by C-O-C?

A

Ether

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5
Q

What functional group is represented by C-C?

A

Alkane

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6
Q

What functional group is represented by C (tripled bond) C

A

Alkyne

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7
Q

What functional group is represented by N-H-H?

A

Amine

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8
Q

What functional group is represented by -O-H

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

What functional group is represented by -C–O-O-H

A

Carboxylic acid

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10
Q

What functional group is represented by -C–O–NH2

A

Amide

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11
Q

What functional group is represented by -C-CL–O

A

Acyl chloride

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12
Q

What functional group is represented by -C–O-O-R

A

Ester

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13
Q

What functional group is represented by C-C-C–O

A

Ketone

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14
Q

Definition of aliphatic?

A

Carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains

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15
Q

Definition of alicyclic?

A

Carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure.

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16
Q

Definition of aromatic?

A

Some or all carbon atoms found in an benzene ring.

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17
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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18
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

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19
Q

Define substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

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20
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but with different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

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21
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Based on the movement of a ‘functional’ group in the molecule

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22
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Compounds with same structural formulae but different arrangements of atoms in space

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23
Q

How do you assign priority to an atom on an Alkene chain?

A

Atoms attached to each carbon atom are given priority based on atomic number

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24
Q

What does CIP stand for?

A

Cahn-ingold-prelog-nomenclature

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25
Q

What are the two rules for E/Z isomerism?

A
  • must have a C(Double bond)C
    -Every group attached to a carbon on the carbon double bond chain must be different.
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26
Q

What is broken in an addition reaction?

A

The pi bond of the Alkene

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27
Q

What are electrophiles and what do they do?

A

An electrophile is an electron pair acceptor
Electrophiles are strongly attracted to the exposed electrons in the pi bond and reactions happen because of that initial attraction

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28
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Addition of hydrogen to an alkene to make and alkane

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29
Q

what does the curly arrow represent?

A

the movement of the electron pair

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30
Q

How does an induced dipole form during electrophilic addition?

A

electrons in a covalent bond are repelled by those in the double bond pushing the electrons down forming an uneven distribution of electrons. the lower atom will become electronegative

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31
Q

What is the order of carbocation stability?

A

(Lowest stability)Primary
Secondary
(Highest stability) Tertiary

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32
Q

Where does the hydrogen from H-X always go?

A

To the carbon on the double bond with the most hydrogens already

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33
Q

what produces a minor product?

A

hydrogen form H-X binds to the carbon with the least hydrogen atoms

34
Q

What produces a major product?

A

hydrogen from H-X binds to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms

35
Q

What is Markownikoff’s Rule​?

A

When a compound HX is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogens attached to it already.

36
Q

Definition of addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

37
Q

Definition of carbocation?

A

An ion that contains positively charged carbon atoms

38
Q

What is fractional distillation ?

A

The separation of components in a liquid mixture by their different boiling points into fractions

39
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

40
Q

What is a polymer?

A

An large molecule formed from many repeat units of smaller molecules known as monomers

41
Q

What is a radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron

42
Q

What is a repeat unit?

A

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again.

43
Q

How do pi bonds arise?

A

Overlap of adjacent p-orbitals

44
Q

What effect does the presence of a pi bond have on the Alkene molecule?

A
  • no free rotation of the groups about the C atoms
  • gives rise to E/Z isomerisms
  • carbon carbon double bond has high density of electrons
45
Q

Explain why the straight chain isomer is converted into its branched chain isomers?

A

Not as efficient at combustion

46
Q

State the conditions necessary to bring about the formation of the chlorine free radicals from Cl2

A

UV light

47
Q

What is the test and result for alkenes?

A

Test- bromide water
Observation- orange to colourless

48
Q

What is meant by the term structural isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

49
Q

When cracking takes place a large number of products are formed, suggest why?

A

The carbon chain can break in many different places

50
Q

Why are tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation?

A

Lack of hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached

51
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised to not under reflux?

A

Aldehydes

52
Q

What is the oxidising agent for oxidation of alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

53
Q

If primary alcohols are reacted with an excess of oxidising agent and heated strongly in reflux, what are the aldehydes oxidised to?

A

Carboxylic acid

54
Q

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Ketones

55
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three carbon atoms and no hydrogen atoms.

56
Q

What is a Primary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that is attached to two or three hydrogen atoms

57
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to two carbon chains and one hydrogen atom

58
Q

What are the conditions for hydrogenation?

A
  • Nickel catalyst
  • High temperatures
59
Q

What are the conditions for hydration?

A
  • High temperatures
  • Concentrated acid catalyst E.G. H2SO4 or H3PO4
60
Q

What is the colour change during oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols?

A

Orange to green

61
Q

Properties of alcohols compared to alkanes?

A

Alcohols are less volatile (less easily evaporated)
Higher melting points
Greater water solubility

62
Q

Why do alcohols have a higher melting and boiling point than alkanes?

A

Alcohols have polar hydroxyl groups because of difference in electronegativities so the intermolecular forces will be weak London forces but also much stronger hydrogen bonds.

63
Q

Why do alcohols have a lower volatility than alkanes?

A

The hydrogen bonds must be broken to change alcohols from liquid to gas which require more energy than alkanes

64
Q

Why are alcohols more soluble than alkanes?

A

Alkanes are non-polar so can not form any hydrogen bonds with water but alcohols have polar hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water

65
Q

What happens to the solubility of the alcohols as the carbon chain increases?

A

The influence of the hydroxyl group becomes smaller so the solubility decreases

66
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Electron pair donor

67
Q

Is the C-X bond polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

68
Q

Which atom attracts a nucleophile?

A

The carbon atom as it is delta-positive and electron-deficient

69
Q

Which C-X bond most readily undergoes nucleophilic substitution?

A

C-I
Weakest bond, so the rate of reactions involving iodoalkanes is the highest

70
Q

Why is C-F the strongest?

A

The shorter the bond length, the stronger the covalent bond
Fluorine has the smallest atomic radius so the shared electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus and so is the shortest.

71
Q

What are CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) used in and why?

A

Aerosols and refrigerators
They are nonflammable and non-toxic

72
Q

Why are CFCs bad for the ozone?

A

They absorb a lot of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere and so they are broken down by UV light causing the formation of chlorine radicals. These radicals react with ozone and break down the ozone layer.

73
Q

What are the conditions from alkane to haloalkane?

A

Halogen and UV light

74
Q

What are the conditions from haloalkane to alcohol?

A

NaOH (aq)

75
Q

What are the conditions from alcohol to aldehyde?

A

Distil with acidified dichromate

76
Q

What are the conditions from aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

77
Q

What are the conditions from alcohol to ketone?

A

Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

78
Q

What are the conditions from alkene to alkane?

A

Hydrogen and Nickel catalyst

79
Q

What are the conditions from alkene to haloalkane?

A

Hydrogen halide

80
Q

What are the conditions from alkene to alcohol?

A

Steam and phosphoric acid

81
Q

What are the conditions from alcohol to alkene?

A

Heat with sulfuric or phosphoric acid

82
Q

When you give molecules additional energy they can do a number of things:

A
  • Translate
  • Rotate
  • Bond vibrations
  • Electronic transitions (move between energy levels)

Chemistry A-level (8 decks)

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