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Chemistry A-level > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

Mass of a single isotope relative to 1/12th of a C12 atom

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2
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th of a C12 atom.

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3
Q

Metallic bonds

A

Formed between two metals. Formed between a cloud of free electrons and the positively charged ions.

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle of matter and is made up of proton, neutrons and electrons

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5
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together

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6
Q

Element

A

An element is only made up of one sort of atom

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7
Q

Compound

A

Two or more different types of atom bonded together

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8
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more different elements and/or compounds in the same space

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9
Q

What is an oxidising agent?

A

An oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises another atom/ion by causing it to lose electrons (an oxidising agent gets reduced itself)

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10
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

A reducing agent is a substance that reduces another atom/ion by causing it to gain electrons (A reducing agent itself gets oxidised)

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11
Q

What is the definition of an ion?

A

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost its valence electrons.

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12
Q

What is the definition of an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses.

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13
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place

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14
Q

ionic bond

A

The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

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15
Q

Covalent bond

A

The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atom.

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16
Q

Empirical formula

A

The smallest whole number ratio of atoms present in a molecule.

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17
Q

Molecular formula

A

Number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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18
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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19
Q

Dipole

A

The separation of opposite charges within a molecule

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20
Q

Intermolecular force

A

Weak interactions between dipoles of different molecules.

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21
Q

Acid

A

Species that releases H+ ions in aqueous solution. It acts as a proton donor.

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22
Q

Alkali

A

Type of base that dissolves in water forming OH- ions.

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23
Q

pH

A

Concentration of H+ ions

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24
Q

Base

A

A proton acceptor. Substances that can dissolve in water and neutralise acid to produce salt and water.

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25
Q

First ionisation energy

A

Removal of one mol of electrons from one mol of gaseous atoms to form a positive ion

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26
Q

Second ionisation energy

A

Energy required to remove one electron from each ion in one mol of gaseous 1+ ions of an element to form one mol of gaseous 2+ ions.

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27
Q

Periodicity

A

Repeating pattern of properties across a period

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28
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

29
Q

Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

30
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

31
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen to an alkene to make an alkane

32
Q

Addition reaction

A

Two molecules react together to make on product. The product is saturated

33
Q

Steam cracking

A

Long chain hydrocarbons mixed with steam and heated to very high temperatures

34
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

Long chain hydrocarbon is heated to high temperature and passed over a catalyst.

35
Q

E isomer

A

The groups that are the same are on opposite sides

36
Q

Z isomer

A

Groups that are the same are on the same side

37
Q

Chain isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of the carbon ‘skeleton’

38
Q

Position isomers

A

Based on the movement of a functional group in the molecule

39
Q

functional group isomers

A

Molecular formula remains the same, but the type of functional group changes

40
Q

Stereoisomerism

A

Compounds with same structural formulae but with different arrangements in space

41
Q

Orbital

A

Region which can hold up to two electrons

42
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

An ion that contains a positively charged carbon atom

43
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An atom which is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

44
Q

Repeat unit

A

A specific arrangements of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again

45
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

An alcohol in which which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atoms that is attached to two carbon chains and one hydrogen atom

46
Q

Primary alcohol

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is tracked to two or three hydrogen atoms

47
Q

Tertiary alcohols

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to three carbon atoms and no hydrogen atoms

48
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds

49
Q

Closed system

A

A system isolated from its surroundings

50
Q

Dehydration

A

An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make a unsaturated molecule

51
Q

Disproportionation

A

A redox reaction in which the same element is both oxidised and reduced

52
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.

53
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss.

54
Q

Fingerprint region

A

An area of an infrared spectrum below 1500cm^-1 that gives a characteristic pattern for different compounds

55
Q

Fragmentation

A

The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into smaller pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion

56
Q

Heterogeneous catalyst

A

A reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants

57
Q

Homogeneous catalyst

A

A reaction in which the catalyst has the same physical state as the reactants

58
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

59
Q

Proton number (Atomic number)

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

60
Q

Reflux

A

The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture

61
Q

Repeat unit

A

A specific arrangement of atoms that occur in the structure over and over again

62
Q

Standard enthalpy change of combustion

A

Enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products in standard states.

63
Q

Standard enthalpy change of formation

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions.

64
Q

Standard enthalpy change of neutralization

A

Enthalpy change accompanies the reaction of an acid by a base to form one mole of water under standard conditions and standard states.

65
Q

Strong acid

A

An acid that dissolves completely in solution

66
Q

Weak acid

A

An acid that dissociates only partly in solution

67
Q

Volatility

A

The ease at which a liquid turns into a gas (volatility increases as boiling point decreases)

68
Q

One mole of substance

A

As many particles as there are carbon atoms in 12g of carbon 12

Chemistry A-level (8 decks)

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