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Chemistry IGCSE > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

atom or group
of atoms that determine the chemical properties
of a homologous series

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2
Q

state the formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

State the fomula of alkenes

A

CnH2h

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4
Q

State the formula of alcahols

A

CnH2N+1OH

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5
Q

State the formula of Carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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6
Q

what is a structural formula?

A

unambiguous description of the way the atoms
in a molecule are arranged

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7
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

compounds with the
same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical
properties due to the presence of the same
functional group

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9
Q

Describe the general characteristics of a
homologous series

A

-same functional group
-same general formula
-differing from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit
- displaying a trend in physical properties
-sharing similar chemical properties

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10
Q

Do saturated compounds have a single bond or double bond? Give an example

A

Single, carbon-carbon bond
alkANES, Ethane

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11
Q

Do unsaturated compounds have a single bond or a double bond? Give an example

A

Double carbon=carbon
AlkENES, Ethene

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12
Q

Name three fossil fuels?

A

coal, natural gas and
petroleum

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13
Q

What is the main consituent of natural gas?

A

Methane, CH4

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14
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

coumpounds containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

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15
Q

What is petroleum a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons and natural gas

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16
Q

How can petroleum be separated from fossil fuels?

A

by fractional disstillation

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17
Q

What is substitution of atoms?

A

one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or
group of atoms

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18
Q

What is a fuel?

A

substance that when burnt releases energy

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19
Q

How does petroleum look and where can we find it?

A

thick sticky and black
found under the sea and under the ground

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20
Q

Why do we use fractional distillation to separate petroleum’s fractions?

A

Petroleum by itself isn’t very useful, but each component part of the mixture (called fraction) can be
since they have different boiling points, fractional distillation can be used to separate them

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21
Q

What do the molecules in each fraction have in similar?

A

similar chemical properties and b.P

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22
Q

How do shorter alkanes act with oxygen?

A

they’re flammable and evapourate easily

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23
Q

How do longer alkanes act with oxygen?

A

they’re viscous meaning sticky or honey like

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24
Q

Where is fractional distillation carried in?

A

in a fractionating column

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25
What happens when crude oil enters the fractionating column?
it is heated and vapour rises
26
What with happen with the vapors that have a high boiling point?
they will immediately turn into liquid and be tapped off
27
What happens with the vapors that have low boiling points?
they will rise up and will condense (at the top of the fractionating colum) and then be tapped off
28
different fractions condense on different heights in the fractionating column according to what?
their boiling points
29
where are the substances with low boiling points collected?
at the top
30
Where are the substances with high boiling points collected?
at the bottom
31
Explain the viscosity of hydrocarbons in terms of chain length
If carbon number increases, the attraction between carbons is much higher and harder to break the bond in the molecules. =more viscosity as chain length increases
32
Explain the b.p in terms of chain length
as chain length increases; molecules get larger and intermolecular forces of attraction between each other are greater= harder to break the bonds( in need of more energy)
33
Explain the volatily of hydrocarbons in fractional distillation in terms of their chain length
become less volatile as molecular size increase in length this is because forces of attraction increase as molecular size increases
34
define viscosity
ease of flow of liquid
35
define volatile
tendency of substance to vaporize
36
Describe petroleum and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
Petroleum is also called crude oil and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas. - The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. - Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise. - Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column. - Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off. - The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids. - The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases. - The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column.
37
Name the uses of the fractions
(In order from top to bottom) - refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking - gasoline for petrol in cars - naphtha for making chemicals - kerosene/paraffin for jet fuel - diesel oil/gas oil for fuel for diesel engines - fuel oil for fuel for ships and home heating - lubricating oil for lubricants, waxes and polishes - bitumen for making roads
38
the compounds in a homologous series have the same...
general formula
39
Describe substitution reactions of alkanes with chlorine
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom. Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, methane reacts with chlorine in a substitution reaction. CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl Chloromethane is formed.
40
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons: - by reaction with aqueous bromine
Bromine water is an orange coloured solution of bromine. - When bromine water is shaken with an Alkane, it will remain as an orange solution as alkanes do not have double carbon bonds (C=C) so the bromine remains in solution. - But when bromine water is shaken with an alkene, the alkene will decolourise the bromine water and turn colourless as alkenes do have double carbon bonds (C=C). - The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond hence the solution no longer contains the orange coloured bromine.
41
What are substitution reactions
substitution reaction one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
42
Alcahols can be _____ to form carboxylic acids
oxidised
43
state the chemical properties of alcahols
flammable soluble homologous series can be oxidised to form carboxilic acids
44
describe the complete combustion of ethanol
ethanol+oxygen-> carbon dioxide+water
45
manifacture of ethaol by hydration of ethene by steam
hydration of ethane by steam in presence of phospheric acid - 300 degrees and 60 atm c2H4+H20->Ethanol or C2H5OH
46
manufacture of ethanol by fermentation of yeast by anerobic respiration
glucose->in presence of yeast-> ethanol+CO2 25-35 degrees in abstence of O2
47
advantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermantation
renewable cheap
48
disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermentation
unpure ethanol slower than with steam slow can't do it over 35 degrees otherwise denaturing will happen
49
advantages of manufacturing ethanol by steam
cheap pure efficient fast
50
disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by steam
non renewable takes a lot of energy
51
what can ethanol be used as
solvent and fuel because it is very flammable
52
Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol:
with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production
53
Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol using an acid catalyst to form an ester
When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and an acid catalyst, an ester is formed
54
Define polymers
large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers
55
Describe the formation of poly(ethene)
it's an example of addition polymerisation using ethene monomers
56
describe the structure of nylon
c-n-h bond
57
describe the structure of PET
c=O=O bond
58
state something about PET
PET can be converted back into monomers and re-polymerised
59
plastics are made from ?
polymers
60
Describe how the properties of plastics have implications for their disposal
they can become mixed with other chemicals or materials if they are not recycled properly which just pollutes the world and makes recycling more difficult. it's unbiodegradable meaning that both microorganisms and bacteria can't break it down so it just keeps on accumulating causing pollution as well as if it's burned it causes co2 contributing to greenhouse effect
61
Describe the environmental challenges caused by plastics
(a) disposal in land fill sites (b) accumulation in oceans (c) formation of toxic gases from burning
62
Describe proteins
natural polyamides and that they are formed from amino acid monomers
63
What does the R represent in a protein structure
represents different types of side chain
64
State what a structural formula is
an unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged
65
Define structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae
66
what is the substitution reaction of an alkane with chlorine described as?
described as photochemical
67
what presence do we need for substitution of alkanes to take place with chlorine
uv

Chemistry IGCSE (13 decks)

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