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Chemistry IGCSE > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

atom or group
of atoms that determine the chemical properties
of a homologous series

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2
Q

state the formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

State the fomula of alkenes

A

CnH2h

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4
Q

State the formula of alcahols

A

CnH2N+1OH

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5
Q

State the formula of Carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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6
Q

what is a structural formula?

A

unambiguous description of the way the atoms
in a molecule are arranged

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7
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

compounds with the
same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical
properties due to the presence of the same
functional group

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9
Q

Describe the general characteristics of a
homologous series

A

-same functional group
-same general formula
-differing from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit
- displaying a trend in physical properties
-sharing similar chemical properties

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10
Q

Do saturated compounds have a single bond or double bond? Give an example

A

Single, carbon-carbon bond
alkANES, Ethane

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11
Q

Do unsaturated compounds have a single bond or a double bond? Give an example

A

Double carbon=carbon
AlkENES, Ethene

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12
Q

Name three fossil fuels?

A

coal, natural gas and
petroleum

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13
Q

What is the main consituent of natural gas?

A

Methane, CH4

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14
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

coumpounds containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

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15
Q

What is petroleum a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons and natural gas

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16
Q

How can petroleum be separated from fossil fuels?

A

by fractional disstillation

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17
Q

What is substitution of atoms?

A

one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or
group of atoms

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18
Q

What is a fuel?

A

substance that when burnt releases energy

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19
Q

How does petroleum look and where can we find it?

A

thick sticky and black
found under the sea and under the ground

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20
Q

Why do we use fractional distillation to separate petroleum’s fractions?

A

Petroleum by itself isn’t very useful, but each component part of the mixture (called fraction) can be
since they have different boiling points, fractional distillation can be used to separate them

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21
Q

What do the molecules in each fraction have in similar?

A

similar chemical properties and b.P

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22
Q

How do shorter alkanes act with oxygen?

A

they’re flammable and evapourate easily

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23
Q

How do longer alkanes act with oxygen?

A

they’re viscous meaning sticky or honey like

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24
Q

Where is fractional distillation carried in?

A

in a fractionating column

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25
Q

What happens when crude oil enters the fractionating column?

A

it is heated and vapour rises

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26
Q

What with happen with the vapors that have a high boiling point?

A

they will immediately turn into liquid and be tapped off

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27
Q

What happens with the vapors that have low boiling points?

A

they will rise up and will condense (at the top of the fractionating colum) and then be tapped off

28
Q

different fractions condense on different heights in the fractionating column according to what?

A

their boiling points

29
Q

where are the substances with low boiling points collected?

A

at the top

30
Q

Where are the substances with high boiling points collected?

A

at the bottom

31
Q

Explain the viscosity of hydrocarbons in terms of chain length

A

If carbon number increases, the attraction between carbons is much higher and harder to break the bond in the molecules.
=more viscosity as chain length increases

32
Q

Explain the b.p in terms of chain length

A

as chain length increases; molecules get larger and intermolecular forces of attraction between each other are greater= harder to break the bonds( in need of more energy)

33
Q

Explain the volatily of hydrocarbons in fractional distillation
in terms of their chain length

A

become less volatile as molecular size increase in length
this is because forces of attraction increase as molecular size increases

34
Q

define viscosity

A

ease of flow of liquid

35
Q

define volatile

A

tendency of substance to vaporize

36
Q

Describe petroleum and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation

A

Petroleum is also called crude oil and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas.

  • The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
  • Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise.
  • Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column.
  • Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off.
  • The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids.
  • The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases.
  • The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column.
37
Q

Name the uses of the fractions

A

(In order from top to bottom)

  • refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking
  • gasoline for petrol in cars
  • naphtha for making chemicals
  • kerosene/paraffin for jet fuel
  • diesel oil/gas oil for fuel for diesel engines
  • fuel oil for fuel for ships and home heating
  • lubricating oil for lubricants, waxes and polishes
  • bitumen for making roads
38
Q

the compounds in a homologous series have the same…

A

general formula

39
Q

Describe substitution reactions of alkanes with chlorine

A

In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom. Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

In the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, methane reacts with chlorine in a substitution reaction.
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

Chloromethane is formed.

40
Q

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons:
- by reaction with aqueous bromine

A

Bromine water is an orange coloured solution of bromine.

  • When bromine water is shaken with an Alkane, it will remain as an orange solution as alkanes do not have double carbon bonds (C=C) so the bromine remains in solution.
  • But when bromine water is shaken with an alkene, the alkene will decolourise the bromine water and turn colourless as alkenes do have double carbon bonds (C=C).
  • The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond hence the solution no longer contains the orange coloured bromine.
41
Q

What are substitution reactions

A

substitution reaction one atom or
group of atoms is replaced by another atom or
group of atoms

42
Q

Alcahols can be _____ to form carboxylic acids

A

oxidised

43
Q

state the chemical properties of alcahols

A

flammable
soluble
homologous series
can be oxidised to form carboxilic acids

44
Q

describe the complete combustion of ethanol

A

ethanol+oxygen-> carbon dioxide+water

45
Q

manifacture of ethaol by hydration of ethene by steam

A

hydration of ethane by steam in presence of phospheric acid
- 300 degrees and 60 atm
c2H4+H20->Ethanol or C2H5OH

46
Q

manufacture of ethanol by fermentation of yeast by anerobic respiration

A

glucose->in presence of yeast-> ethanol+CO2
25-35 degrees
in abstence of O2

47
Q

advantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermantation

A

renewable
cheap

48
Q

disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermentation

A

unpure ethanol
slower than with steam
slow
can’t do it over 35 degrees otherwise denaturing will happen

49
Q

advantages of manufacturing ethanol by steam

A

cheap
pure
efficient
fast

50
Q

disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by steam

A

non renewable
takes a lot of energy

51
Q

what can ethanol be used as

A

solvent and fuel because it is very flammable

52
Q

Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the
oxidation of ethanol:

A

with acidified aqueous potassium
manganate(VII)
by bacterial oxidation during vinegar
production

53
Q

Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an
alcohol using an acid catalyst to form an ester

A

When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and an acid catalyst, an ester is formed

54
Q

Define polymers

A

large molecules built up from
many smaller molecules called monomers

55
Q

Describe the formation of poly(ethene)

A

it’s an example of addition polymerisation using ethene
monomers

56
Q

describe the structure of nylon

A

c-n-h bond

57
Q

describe the structure of PET

A

c=O=O bond

58
Q

state something about PET

A

PET can be converted back into
monomers and re-polymerised

59
Q

plastics are made from ?

A

polymers

60
Q

Describe how the properties of plastics have
implications for their disposal

A

they can become mixed with other chemicals or materials if they are not recycled properly which just pollutes the world and makes recycling more difficult.
it’s unbiodegradable meaning that both microorganisms and bacteria can’t break it down so it just keeps on accumulating causing pollution as well as if it’s burned it causes co2 contributing to greenhouse effect

61
Q

Describe the environmental challenges caused by
plastics

A

(a) disposal in land fill sites
(b) accumulation in oceans
(c) formation of toxic gases from burning

62
Q

Describe proteins

A

natural polyamides and that
they are formed from amino acid monomers

63
Q

What does the R represent in a protein structure

A

represents different types of side chain

64
Q

State what a structural formula is

A

an unambiguous description of the way the atoms
in a molecule are arranged

65
Q

Define structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

66
Q

what is the substitution reaction of an alkane with chlorine described as?

A

described as photochemical

67
Q

what presence do we need for substitution of alkanes to take place with chlorine

A

uv

Chemistry IGCSE (13 decks)

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