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ZChemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Is crude oil renewable?

A

No

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2
Q

What is crude oil made up from?

A

The fossilised remnants of ancient plankton.

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3
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Lots of different compounds that are not chemically combined. Lots of these compounds are hydrocarbons.

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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5
Q

What affects the properties of hydrocarbons?

A

The size of the hydrocarbon.

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6
Q

Where are crude oils found?

A

In rocks.

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7
Q

What is crude oil used for?

A

To produce fuels and other important chemicals.
-fuels
-tarmac

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8
Q

What are the most important properties of hydrocarbons?

A

-flammability
-boiling point
-viscosity

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9
Q

How does the larger size of a hydrocarbon affect its properties?

A

-less flammable
-higher boiling point
-higher viscosity (i.e. they are thicker and flow less easily)

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10
Q

How many bonds do carbon atoms make?

A

Four

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11
Q

What type of organic compound is always saturated?

A

Alkanes

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12
Q

Why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Because all their bonds with other atoms are single bonds.

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13
Q

What are some properties of alkanes?

A

-quite a low reactivity
-combust quite well (burn well)
(this makes the useful as fuels)

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14
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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15
Q

What are the 4 smallest alkanes?

A

-Methane (CH4)
-Ethane (C2H6)
-Propane (C3H8)
-Butane (C4H10)

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15
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon.

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16
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.

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17
Q

What are ‘short-chain hydrocarbons’?

A

Hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms.

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18
Q

What are ‘long-chain hydrocarbons’?

A

Hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms.

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19
Q

Why does fractional distillation work with hydrocarbons?

A

Because different-sized hydrocarbons have different boiling points. Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons using their different boiling points.

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20
Q

Describe the first stage of fractional distillation.

A

Evaporation- evaporates the crude oil by heating it. Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and rises upwards.

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21
Q

Describe the condensing stage of fractional distillation.

A

The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids.
Short-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They pass up the column and condense at lower temperatures nearer the top.

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22
Q

What is the last stage of fractional distillation?

A

The fractions are collected. They are then processed to create end products.

23
Q

What are the end products of fractional distillation?

A

-Fuels (e.g. petrol, diesel) are a common end product
-Petrochemical industry products such as solvents, detergents, and lubricants.

24
Q

What are homologous series?

A

Families of similar compounds containing carbon atoms with the same general formula.

25
Q

What affects the equations for the combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons?

A

The amount of oxygen that is available.

26
Q

What happens when you burn hydrocarbons when the oxygen supply is plentiful?

A

-energy is released
-the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water.

27
Q

What is created when alkanes are burned without enough oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide.
2C + 02 –> 2CO

28
Q

What are the properties of carbon monoxide?

A

-colourless
-toxic
-odourless

29
Q

Why don’t heavy fractions of crude oil make good fuels?

A

They have low volatility.
They have high boiling points.
They don’t ignite easily.

30
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain molecules that are more useful.

31
Q

What type of reaction is cracking an example of?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction.

32
Q

Describe catalytic cracking.

A

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated catalyst.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.
E.g. hexane –> butane + ethene

33
Q

Describe steam cracking.

A

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are combined with steam in a high-temperature environment.
Alkanes and alkenes are produced by this reaction.
E.g. decane –> octane + ethene

34
Q

What type of chemical reactions are involved in cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reactions

35
Q

What are the uses of alkenes?

A

-Being combined to make polymers
-Starting materials for chemicals like ethanol

36
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C.
This means that alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond.

37
Q

How reactive are alkenes?

A

The presence of the C=C functional group means that alkenes have greater reactivity than alkanes.

38
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

Because they contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C). This means that an alkane and alkene with the same length of carbon chain will have different numbers of hydrogen atoms- the alkane will have two more hydrogen atoms.

39
Q

Which are more reactive alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkenes

40
Q

What are the 4 shortest alkenes?

A

-Ethene (C2H4)
-Propene (C3H6)
-Butene (C4H8)
-Pentene (C5H10)

41
Q

What are functional groups?

A

A collection of atoms that impact the reactions of an organic compound.

42
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

43
Q

What is a typical reaction for alkenes?

A

Addition

44
Q

How would you test if a substance is an alkene or an alkane?

A

Mix it with bromine water and shake it. If it’s an alkene it will change colour from orange-brown to colourless.

45
Q

When a nickel catalyst is present what can be formed?

A

Alkanes can be formed by combining hydrogen with an alkene.

46
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond.

47
Q

When a phosphoric acid catalyst is present what can be formed?

A

Alcohols can be formed by reacting alkenes with steam.

48
Q

What does the homologous series of alcohols have as their general formula?

A

CnH2n+1OH

49
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

a hydroxyl group (-OH)

50
Q

What are the 4 smallest alcohols?

A

-methanol (CH3OH)
-ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH)
-butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH)

51
Q

How is ethanol produced by fermentation?

A

The process of fermentation involves adding yeast to a sugar solution.

52
Q

What’s the by-product of the fermentation reaction?

A

Carbon dioxide.

53
Q

What is the ideal temperature to ferment yeast?

A

33 degrees

54
Q

How would you describe the ideal pH for the fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

Slightly acidic

55
Q

What are the ideal oxygen levels for the fermentation of sugar using yeast?

A

Low levels of oxygen

ZChemistry (7 decks)

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