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BIOL131 > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry of carbon-based molecules more reduced than carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is carbon’s valance?

A

4

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3
Q

What are aliphatic molecules?

A

Any molecules (chains, rings, branches, chains) that are not aromatic

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4
Q

What are aromatic molecules?

A

Any molecules that contain a particular type of resonance(able to turn/switch) structure in rings

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5
Q

What is the archetypal example of aromatic molecules?

A

Benzene (C6H6)

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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Singly-bonded chain of carbon atoms with remaining valance positions filled with hydrogens

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7
Q

What are AlkEnes?

A

Double bond between 2 C atoms instead of single

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8
Q

What are AlkYnes?

A

Triple bond between 2 C atoms

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9
Q

Common name for 1 C chain length

A

Methyl – e.g. methane

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10
Q

Alternative name for 1 C chain length

A

Formyl- e.g. formate

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11
Q

Common name for 2 C chain length

A

Ethyl- e.g. ethanol

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12
Q

Alternative name for 2 C chain length

A

Acetyl- e.g. acetic acid

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13
Q

Common name for 3 C chain length

A

Propyl- e.h. propanoate

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14
Q

Common name for 4 C chain length

A

Butyl- e.g. butan-1-ol

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15
Q

Common name for 5 C chain length

A

Pentyl- e.g. valeraldehyde

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16
Q

Common name for 6 C chain length

A

Hexyl- e.g. caproic acid

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17
Q

Common name for 7 C chain length

A

Heptyl- e.g. enanthane

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18
Q

Common name for 8 C chain length

A

Octyl- e.g. caprylic acid

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19
Q

Common name for 9 C chain length

A

Nonyl- e.g. pelargonium acid

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20
Q

Common name for 10 C chain length

A

Decyl- e.g. capric acid

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21
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Things we can ‘plug into’ a basic skeleton e.g. alkane to give functionality

22
Q

What do numbers in names of functional groups refer to?

A

Relates to positions of double/triple bonds or functional groups and always number from the end it is closest to

23
Q

Where are Hydroxyl groups found?

A

Alcohols, sugars, sugar alcohols etc

24
Q

What is the functional group for Hydroxyl?

A

-OH

25
Q

What is a diol? (Hydroxyl)

A

2 -OH groups e.g. propane-1,2-doil

26
Q

What is a triol? (hydroxyl)

A

3 -OH groups e.g. propane-1,2,3-triol aka glycerol

27
Q

What is a polyol?

A

more than 3 -OH groups e.g. mess-xylitol

28
Q

What is the functional group for carboxyl?

A

(-C=O)

29
Q

What is it called if the (-C=O) is on the end of a chain?

A

Aldehydes

30
Q

Why are aldehydes important?

A

Important metabolic intermediates e.g. in ethanol detoxification. Also used in signalling

31
Q

What is it called if the (-C=O) is in the middle of the chain?

A

Ketones

32
Q

Where are ketone moieties found?

A

Many non-reducing sugars e.g. ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

33
Q

Where are aldehyde moieties found?

A

Reducing sugars

34
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylate groups?

A

(–COOH)

35
Q

What do carboxylate groups form?

A

Carboxylic acids (shorter than 10 carbons) or fatty acids (longer than 10 carbons)

36
Q

What forms carboxylates?

A

Ionisation of carboxylic acids

37
Q

Why are carboxylic(fatty) acids important?

A

Abundant in life – form part of every lipid in the bacteria, eukaryotic and some archaea

38
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

Reaction of carboxylic acid with an alcohol

39
Q

Why is ester formation important?

A

Key in formation of lipid membranes in Eukarya

40
Q

What is an ester group?

A

O=C–O

41
Q

What do ethers have?

A

Bridging oxygen (–O–) between 2 groups e.g. dimethyl ether

42
Q

Where are ethers found?

A

Found in double-headed lipids in some archaea

43
Q

What do organic sulphides have?

A

Bridging sulfur (–S–) between 2 groups e.g. dimethylsulfide

44
Q

Why are organic sulphides important?

A

Important signalling molecule for marine animals and marine birds ––––––

Cyanobacteria and algae produce (….) that gets degraded into dimethylsulfide when they die – smell attracts birds/animals and signal food

45
Q

What do organic disulphides have?

A

–S–S–

46
Q

Why are organic disulphides important?

A

Important in protein folding

47
Q

What is an example of an aromatic ring?

A

Benzene ring

48
Q

What is present in aromatic rings?

A

Delocalised electrons must be present

49
Q

How is resonance achieved in aromatic rings?

A

Alternating C–C and C=C bonds around the ring that ‘flip’ back and forth in resonance (alternating vibration) on a femtosecond scale

50
Q

What are aromatic rings (usually)?

A

Usually lipophilic – dissolves in fats/lipids/oils/hydrocarbons

51
Q

Why are aromatic rings important?

A

Important in protein structure (3 aromatic rings), DNA structure, etc

BIOL131 (7 decks)

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