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Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry of carbon-based molecules more reduced than carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is carbon’s valance?

A

4

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3
Q

What are aliphatic molecules?

A

Any molecules (chains, rings, branches, chains) that are not aromatic

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4
Q

What are aromatic molecules?

A

Any molecules that contain a particular type of resonance(able to turn/switch) structure in rings

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5
Q

What is the archetypal example of aromatic molecules?

A

Benzene (C6H6)

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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Singly-bonded chain of carbon atoms with remaining valance positions filled with hydrogens

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7
Q

What are AlkEnes?

A

Double bond between 2 C atoms instead of single

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8
Q

What are AlkYnes?

A

Triple bond between 2 C atoms

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9
Q

Common name for 1 C chain length

A

Methyl – e.g. methane

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10
Q

Alternative name for 1 C chain length

A

Formyl- e.g. formate

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11
Q

Common name for 2 C chain length

A

Ethyl- e.g. ethanol

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12
Q

Alternative name for 2 C chain length

A

Acetyl- e.g. acetic acid

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13
Q

Common name for 3 C chain length

A

Propyl- e.h. propanoate

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14
Q

Common name for 4 C chain length

A

Butyl- e.g. butan-1-ol

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15
Q

Common name for 5 C chain length

A

Pentyl- e.g. valeraldehyde

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16
Q

Common name for 6 C chain length

A

Hexyl- e.g. caproic acid

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17
Q

Common name for 7 C chain length

A

Heptyl- e.g. enanthane

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18
Q

Common name for 8 C chain length

A

Octyl- e.g. caprylic acid

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19
Q

Common name for 9 C chain length

A

Nonyl- e.g. pelargonium acid

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20
Q

Common name for 10 C chain length

A

Decyl- e.g. capric acid

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21
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Things we can ‘plug into’ a basic skeleton e.g. alkane to give functionality

22
Q

What do numbers in names of functional groups refer to?

A

Relates to positions of double/triple bonds or functional groups and always number from the end it is closest to

23
Q

Where are Hydroxyl groups found?

A

Alcohols, sugars, sugar alcohols etc

24
Q

What is the functional group for Hydroxyl?

25
What is a diol? (Hydroxyl)
2 -OH groups e.g. propane-1,2-doil
26
What is a triol? (hydroxyl)
3 -OH groups e.g. propane-1,2,3-triol aka glycerol
27
What is a polyol?
more than 3 -OH groups e.g. mess-xylitol
28
What is the functional group for carboxyl?
(-C=O)
29
What is it called if the (-C=O) is on the end of a chain?
Aldehydes
30
Why are aldehydes important?
Important metabolic intermediates e.g. in ethanol detoxification. Also used in signalling
31
What is it called if the (-C=O) is in the middle of the chain?
Ketones
32
Where are ketone moieties found?
Many non-reducing sugars e.g. ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
33
Where are aldehyde moieties found?
Reducing sugars
34
What is the functional group for carboxylate groups?
(–COOH)
35
What do carboxylate groups form?
Carboxylic acids (shorter than 10 carbons) or fatty acids (longer than 10 carbons)
36
What forms carboxylates?
Ionisation of carboxylic acids
37
Why are carboxylic(fatty) acids important?
Abundant in life – form part of every lipid in the bacteria, eukaryotic and some archaea
38
How is an ester formed?
Reaction of carboxylic acid with an alcohol
39
Why is ester formation important?
Key in formation of lipid membranes in Eukarya
40
What is an ester group?
O=C–O
41
What do ethers have?
Bridging oxygen (–O–) between 2 groups e.g. dimethyl ether
42
Where are ethers found?
Found in double-headed lipids in some archaea
43
What do organic sulphides have?
Bridging sulfur (–S–) between 2 groups e.g. dimethylsulfide
44
Why are organic sulphides important?
Important signalling molecule for marine animals and marine birds –––––– Cyanobacteria and algae produce (....) that gets degraded into dimethylsulfide when they die – smell attracts birds/animals and signal food
45
What do organic disulphides have?
–S–S–
46
Why are organic disulphides important?
Important in protein folding
47
What is an example of an aromatic ring?
Benzene ring
48
What is present in aromatic rings?
Delocalised electrons must be present
49
How is resonance achieved in aromatic rings?
Alternating C–C and C=C bonds around the ring that 'flip' back and forth in resonance (alternating vibration) on a femtosecond scale
50
What are aromatic rings (usually)?
Usually lipophilic – dissolves in fats/lipids/oils/hydrocarbons
51
Why are aromatic rings important?
Important in protein structure (3 aromatic rings), DNA structure, etc

BIOL131 (7 decks)

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