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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Is an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical behaviours.
OR
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.

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2
Q

State 3 importance of functional groups.

A
  1. They take part in chemical reactions.
  2. They determine the physical properties of the molecule.
  3. They help in classifying and naming organic compounds.
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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms which are joined by covalent bonds.

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4
Q

Define the term ‘Homologous Series’.

A

Is a series of compounds with the same general formula, functional group and have similar chemical reactions..

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5
Q

Name the two groups hydrocarbons are divided into?

A

Saturated and unsaturated.

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6
Q

Define saturated hydrocarbon.

A

Hydrocarbons that contain carbon- carbon single bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

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7
Q

Define unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Are hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds. Alkenes and Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon group Alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

Why do Alkanes form homologous series?

A

because each successive member differs from the next by a group of CH2.

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10
Q

What are substituent groups?

A

Are the side branches in organic compounds.

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11
Q

List 3 ways structural formulas of organic compounds can be represented?

A
  1. Expanded
  2. Condensed
  3. Line-angle formula
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12
Q

State some physical properties of alkanes.

A
  1. They are non-polar compounds.
  2. The are insoluble in water as water in polar. They are soluble in non-polar solvents.
  3. Have lower density than water. Lower than 1.0gm/L.
    4.As the number of carbons increases, the melting and boiling points increase as well.
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13
Q

What is a chemical property of alkanes.

A

They have a low reactivity.

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14
Q

The most important reactions in alkanes are?

A

Combustion and substitution reaction.

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15
Q

What reaction does alkane have on litmus paper?

A

neutral to litmus paper.

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16
Q

What is the observation of completely reacting alkanes with oxygen( complete combustion)?

A

Blue non smoky flame.

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17
Q

What is the observation of incompletely reacting alkanes with oxygen (incomplete combustion)?

A

Sooty flame.

18
Q

How do you test for alkene?

A

They turn the bromine water colorless.

19
Q

What are the products of combustion reaction?

A

*CO2 and H2O- complete combustion.
*CO2 and H2O or CO and H2O- incomplete combustion.

20
Q

which catalyst is used in the halogen substitution reaction of alkanes?

A

Sunlight or UV light.

21
Q

State 2 ways ethene gas can be produced?

A
  1. Steam cracking of alkanes.
  2. Dehydration of ethanol
22
Q

Explain the process of steam cracking.

A

A process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated hydrocarbons.

23
Q

Give an example equation of steam cracking of alkanes.

A

C11H24 —- C9H20 + C2H4
reacts with steam at 900 degrees Celsius..

24
Q

Explain the process of dehydration of ethanol.

A

Ethanol is dehydrated to produce ethene and water when heated with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

25
Q

What is the function of sulfuric acid in dehydration of ethanol.

A

It acts as a catalyst.

26
Q

State the reaction equation of dehydration of ethanol.

A
  • CH3CH2OH ——- C2H4 + H2O
    reacting with sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
27
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

A single hydrogen is replaced by a halogen such as bromine and chlorine.

28
Q

State the general formula of alkynes.

A

CnH2n-2

29
Q

Explain how ethyne gas can be prepared.

A

By the reaction of water with calcium carbide (CaC2).

30
Q

Comment on the physical appearance of ethyne and ethene gas.

A

It is a colorless gas.

31
Q

State the reaction equation of the ethyne gas.

A

CaC2 + H2O —— C2H2 + Ca(OH)

32
Q

State a chemical property of alkynes.

A

More reactive than alkanes as they contain one or more carbon carbon triple bonds.

33
Q

What is the most characteristic reaction of alkenes and alkynes?

A

Addition to the carbon to carbon double or triple bond.

34
Q

Explain what happens in the hydration addition reaction.

A

There is addition of water molecules to alkenes to form alocohols.

35
Q

What catalyst’s is used in the hydration reaction of ethene.

A

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and silica.

36
Q

What happens in a halogenation reaction?

A

There is addition of halogens such as bromine and chlorine to alkene and alkynes.

37
Q

What happens in a hydrohalogenation reaction?

A

There is addition of molecules such as HBr, HCl, HF, HI.

38
Q

What happens in a hydrogenation reaction?

A

There is addition of hydrogen atoms to carbons in double and triple bonds to form alkanes.

39
Q

What are the catalysts used in hydrogenation reactions?

A

*Platinum (Pt)
*Nickel (Ni)

40
Q

Explain how you would test for the presence of unsaturation.

A

When alkene and alkyne are bubbled through bromine water, its presence decolorizes the bromine water. The disappearance if the red colour as bromine is added to the double and triple bond, indicates the presence of unsaturation.

Chemistry (3 decks)

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