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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkene to alkane?
TOR?

A

H2(g), Ni catalyst, High P & T
Reduction

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2
Q

Halogenoalkane to alkene?
TOR?

A

Alcoholic NaOH/KOH, heat
Elimination

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3
Q

Alkene to alcohol?
TOR?

A

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, high P & T
electrophilic addition

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4
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkane?
TOR?

A

1) Dry HX(g) / HX in CCl4 -> hx
2) X2 (aq) -> x-oh
3) X2 in CCl4 in the dark / X2 (g or l) in the dark
Electrophilic addition

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5
Q

Alkene to diol?
TOR?

A

Cold alkaline KMNO4
Mild oxidation

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6
Q

What causes a cleavage in alkene?

A

Strong oxidation
Hot acidified KMNO4 or Hot alkaline KMNO4

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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene?
TOR?

A

Excess conc H2SO4, heat
Elimination

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8
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitrile?
TOR?

A

Ethanolic KCN, heat under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution

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9
Q

Nitrile to amine?
TOR?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether
Reduction

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10
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid?
TOR?

A

HCl/H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux
Acidic hydrolysis

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11
Q

Alkane to halogenoalkane?
TOR?

A

Limited X2(g), UV light
FRS

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12
Q

Alcohol to halogenoalkane?
TOR?

A

HX (g), heat, ZnCl2 anhydrous/ conc H2SO4
Anhydrous PCL3, PBr3, heat
Anhydrous PCL5 / SOCL2
Nucleophilic sub

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13
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde?
TOR?

A

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation
Oxidation

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14
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid?
TOR?

A

K2Cr2O7/KMNO4, H2SO4, heat
Oxidation

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15
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone?
TOR?

A

KMNO4/K2CR2O7, H2SO4, heat
Oxidation

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16
Q

Alcohol to ester?
TOR?

A

1) Acyl chloride; product: HCl
2) carboxylic acid, heat, H2SO4; product: H2O
Condensation

17
Q

Alcohol to alkoxide (RO-Na+)?
TOR?

A

Reactive metal (Na or K)
Redox/Acid-metal displacement

18
Q

What are carbonyl compounds?

A

Ketones and aldehydes

19
Q

Carbonyl compounds to cyanohydrin? (OH, CN Attached to C atom)
TOR?

A

HCN, trace amounts of NaOH as catalyst, cold
Nucleophilic addition

20
Q

Types of tests carbonyl compounds can undergo?

A

Oxidation - Tollen’s Reagent, Fehling’s Reagent
Condensation - 2,4-DNPH

21
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride?
TOR?

A

PCL5/ PCL3, heat/ anhydrous SOCL2
Nucleophilic acyl substitution

22
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid?
TOR?

A

H2O(l)
Nucleophilic acyl substitution/hydrolysis

23
Q

Carboxylic acid to alcohol?
TOR?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether
Reduction

24
Q

Hydroxynitrile to hydroxycarboxylic acid?
TOR?

A

HCl (aq)/H2SO4(aq), heat under reflux
Acidic hydrolysis

25
Q

Halogenoalkane to amine?
TOR?

A

Excess concentrated NH3 in ethanol, heat in sealed tube
Nucleophilic substitution

26
Q

Acyl chloride to amide?
TOR?

A

Primary amide: NH3 (g)
Secondary amide: NH2R’
Tertiary amide: NHR’R’’
Condensation

27
Q

Amine to amide?
TOR?

A

RCOCL
Condensation

28
Q

Alkene to carboxylic acid?
TOR?

A

Hot acidified/alkaline KMNO4, H2SO4/HCL(aq)
Oxidation

Chemistry (6 decks)

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