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chem 1/2 2022 > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

define a fuel

A

a substance that burns in air or oxygen to release a usable amount of energy

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2
Q

define functional group

A

an atom of group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecules properties and reactions

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3
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

define homologous series

A

a series of compounds with similar chemical properties and the same general formula, in which each member contains on CH2 unit more than the previous number

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5
Q

define structural isomer

A

a compound that has the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

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6
Q

incomplete combustion

A

occurs when supply of air/oxygen is insufficient, so CO2 not produced. water and carbon, or carbon monoxide and water are produced

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7
Q

complete combustion

A

requires plentiful supply of air so that elements in fuel can fully react w excess oxygen. produce CO2 and water

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8
Q

alkanes

A

a saturated hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n+2

X decolourise bromine water
reacts in UV light
tetrahedral geometry - bond angle of 109.5 deg

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9
Q

alkenes

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more double bonds present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n

decolourises Br water from orange -> colourless
planar geometry - bond angle of 120 deg

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10
Q

carboxylic acids

A

name ends in -oic acid
carbon in carboxyl functional group -COOH, is carbon no 1 in parent chain

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11
Q

alcohols

A

name ends in -anol
contains one hydroxyl -OH grp on chain

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12
Q

primary, sec, tert alcohols

A

primary = carbon w -OH is bonded to no or 1 carbon atom and oxidise to carboxylic acids
secondary = carbon bonded to 2 and oxidise to form ketones
tertiary = carbon bonded to 3 other

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13
Q

alkynes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing one or more triple bond present between carbon atoms. general formula CnH2n-2

decolourises bromine water
linear geom - bond angles 180 deg

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14
Q

amines

A

replace last -e of alkane w -amine
primary amines have structure alkyl group-NH2 (func grp)
amino- prefix w higher func grp

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15
Q

amides

A

contain -CONH2 grp always on carbon 1 of parent chain
suffix -amide and prefix amido-

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16
Q

aldehydes

A

have the C=O bond at start of parent chain
contains -CHO functional group
name = add -al onto corresponding alkane

H-C=O

17
Q

ketones

A

contain a carbonyl group, C=O
can be anywhere in chain
alkane ending with -one eg. alkanone

18
Q

priority in naming

A

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane
haloalkane
branches

19
Q

esters

A

contain ester func group =OCO-
formed from reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
alkyl group (off the single oxygen) - yl hydrocarbon chain attaching to -COO, oate

20
Q

uses of ethanol

A

solvent in perfumes, inks and glues
fuel to make biofuel
to make ester, used in food flav.
alcoholic drinks

21
Q

prod of ethanol from fermentation of glucose

A

biological method
glucose -(yeast catalyst)-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

cheaper, sugar from sugar cane=renewable BUT slow, batch process and impure ethanol produced

22
Q

prod of ethanol from hydration

A

chemical method
ethene + steam -> ethanol

fast, continuous, pure ethanol produced BUT expensive, uses ethene from crude oil = non renewable

23
Q

addition polymerisation

A

alkene molecules = monomers
under pressure and with a catalyst, double bond b/w monomers breaks and bonds form to form poly____

24
Q

define monomer

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

25
Q

substitution reaction

A

alkanes = saturated so undergo limited chemical reactions
alkane + halogen -(UV light)-» haloalkane + hydrogen halide

26
Q

producing alcohol from haloalkane

A

haloalkane + OH- -> alcohol + halide ion via sodium or potassium hydroxide solution

27
Q

addition reactions of alkenes

A

alkene + hydrogen halide -> haloalkane
alkene + hydrogen -> alkane (need nickel catalyst and 150 deg for HYDROGENATION)
alkene + water -> alkanol (need phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 deg, 60-70 atm for HYDRATION)

28
Q

formation of esters

A

reversible reaction
reaction b/w alkanol and acid
condensation reaction = produce h2o
esterification reaction
need H2SO4 catalyst

29
Q

oxidation of prim and sec alcohols

A

primary: oxid by acidified permanganate (H+/MnO4-) or dichromate solution (H+/Cr2O72-) to produce aldehydes and carboxylic acids

eg. ethanol -> ethanal -> ethanoic acid

sec: oxid by same oxidising agents to form ketone (C=O)

30
Q

bonding b/w alkanes based w dispersion forces

A

-molecules can be closer to one another, can pack more closely depending on shape
-larger molecules have more regions of charge to attract each other
-disp forces strength = increased

31
Q

solubility of organic molecules in water

A

small alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides = able to form H bonds w water so soluble

water dissolves organic molecules by forming dipole-dipole attraction and H bonds w them

32
Q

elastomers

A

type of polymer
can be stretched or deformed
can regain their shape
only a few cross links = sulfur bridges

33
Q

thermosetting

A

type of polymer
cross links b/w chains
much higher melting points
cannot be remoulded
rigid and inflexible
eg. used on kitchen bench covering

34
Q

thermoplastic aka thermosoftening

A

type of low density polymer
chains loosely tangles together
no cross links
low melting point
can be remoulded
eg. plastic bags, cling wrap

35
Q

LDPE

A

low density polyethene
formed under high temps and pressure
branched chains = X fit together well so amorphous
low MP
soft and flexible

36
Q

HDPE

A

high density poly ethene
formed using catalyst at low temp + pressure
unbranched chains
fit together much better, more crystalline, less amorphous
form harder substance eg. wheelie bins, classroom chairs

chem 1/2 2022 (11 decks)

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