ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Flashcards
WHAT DO INORGANIC MOLECULES INCLUDE?
An inorganic compound can be considered as a compound that does not contain a carbon-to-hydrogen bond, also called a C-H bond.
-most contain a metal
- majority of all compounds in this universe are inorganic in nature.
WHAT DO ORGANIC MOLECULES INCLUDE?
Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon atoms with other atoms attached, such as hydrogen, oxygen , and nitrogen. The structure of organic molecules generally contains atoms in long chains or rings.
-4 main groups of organic molecules in the human body include four types are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INOGRANIC AND ORGANIC MOLECULES?
ORGANIC = covalent
INORGANIC = electrovalent, ionic or covalent
ORGANIC = low melting and boiling points
INORGANIC = high melting and boiling points
ORGANIC = low water solubility
INORGANIC = high water solubility
ORGANIC = bad conductors of heat and electricity
INORGANIC = good conductors of heat and electricity
ORGANIC = volatile
INORGANIC = not volatile
ORGANIC = slow reactions , colourless
INORGANIC = fast reactions, colour
ORGANIC EXAMPLES = enzymes, protein, DNA, RNA, and fuels, etc
INORGANIC EXAMPLES = metals, non-metals, salts, etc
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CARBON IN ORGANIC MOLECULES?
-ability to bind to other carbon atoms to give chains and rings of various lengths
- tetravalence (covalence of four: it has four valence-shell electrons) makes possible the branching
of chains and the fusion of several rings
-formation of strong covalent bonds with many other atoms → existence of many different
compounds
-formation of quite stable single, double and triple bonds
WHAT IS THE VALENCY OF CARBON?
4
WHAT IS THE VALENCY OF NITROGEN?
3
WHAT IS THE VALENCY OF OXYGEN?
2
WHAT IS THE VALENCY OF SULFUR?
2
WHAT IS THE VALENCY OF HYDROGEN?
1
WHAT IS THE POLARITY OF HYDROCARBONS?
nonpolar covalent bonds, insoluble in water but soluble in organic substances
WHAT IS THE POLARITY OF THE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES?
contain some polar covalent bonds that are polarized (partial charges are
formed on bonded atoms, e.g. O-— H+),hence they are more water soluble in comparison to
hydrocarbons; but the atoms are still bound, only some of them form free ions in aqueous solutions
WHAT ARE THE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES?
Hydrocarbon derivatives contain at least one element other than hydrogen or carbon, such as oxygen, nitrogen or one of the halogen atoms
Examples = alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, amines, amides and esters
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
ether
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
amino acid
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
alkyne
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
carboxylic acid
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
alkane
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
alkene
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
alcohol
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
ester
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
amide
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
amine
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
ketone
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
aldehyde
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
ethyl group
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
methyl group
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
oxo group
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
alkyl
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
acyl
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
thiol
WHAT IS THIS GROUP CALLED?
amino
WHAT ARE HETEROATOMS?
O,N,S usually in the form of a functional group or incorporated into a heterocyclic compound
WHAT DO SATURATED COMPOUNDS CONTAIN?
simple single bonds
WHAT DO UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS CONTAIN?
shorter and more reactive double or triple bonds
HOW WOULD YOU NAME THIS MOLECULE?
-H2N-CH2-CH2-OH
2-aminoethanol (= alcohol)
WHAT IS A RADICAL?
- a substance having free unpaired electron(s). So the structure formed by a loss of H from a hydrocarbon, which electron still remains in the hydrocarbon, is called hydrocarbon radical
WHAT ARE HYDROCARBON RESTS SUFFIXED BY?
-yl
-CH3- is called methyl, because it is formed from methane CH4, hence methanol CH3-OH is also called methyl alcohol
WHICH KIND OF CYCLIC ORGANIC MOLECULES DIFFER FROM OTHERS IN TERMS OF REACTIVITY AND PROPERTIES?
arenes / aromatic molecules
WHAT DO ARENE / AROMATIC MOLECULES FORM?
form planar cycles with alternating single and double bonds known as conjugated double bonds
- all carbon atoms are equivalent and lay in one plane. Electrons of their double
bonds are delocalized above and under the plane of their rings
EXAMPLE = benzene
WHAT IS A CHIRAL OR ASYMMETRICAL CARBON?
any carbon that binds 4 different substituents
-it is able to interact with linearly polzarized light causing its rotation (optically active)
-forms 2 enantiomers which differ in spatial arrangement (L- =left side of carbon and D- =right side of carbon)
EXAMPLE = lactic acid
WHAT ARE ENANTIOMERS?
Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other. Enantiomers are in every other respect chemically identical.
-like our hands
WHAT ARE STEREOISOMERS?
sets of molecules which have the same chemical formula and connectivity but differ in how their atoms are arranged
WHAT IS THE MOST REDUCED MOLECULE?
the one with the max number of hydrogens
WHAT IS THE MOST OXIDIZED MOLECULE?
the one with the max number of oxygens
WHEN NAMING INORGANIC MOLECULES HOW DO YOU KNOW WHICH ONE HAS THE MOST AMOUNT OF OXYGEN ATOMS IN THE OXYGENATION STATE?
per / hyper
ic
WHEN NAMING INORGANIC MOLECULES HOW DO YOU KNOW WHICH ONE HAS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF OXYGEN ATOMS IN THE OXYGENATION STATE?
hypo
ous
WHAT IS THIS GROUP?
anhydride
WHAT ARE ANHYDRIDES?
Anhydride refers to a state without water.
-it is a compound that has been formed by removing water from another compound.
- can be either bases or acids when they react with water.
-Mainly acids and prepared from the dehydration of a carboxylic acid
-2 acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen
-Hydrolysed back into carboxylic acids
-Can be converted into esters using alcohols and a base (elimination) – thioesters can be prepared from anhydrides in a similar reaction
-Amines react with anhydrides to form amides
-Reduced to aldehyde using a lithium alkoxide
-Very reactive
WHAT IS OXIDATION ALSO KNOWN AS?
dehydrogenation
WHAT IS REDUCTION ALSO KNOWN AS?
hydrogenation
WHAT IS ESTERIFICATION?
combining an alcohol and an acid to form an ester and water
(condensation = A + B = H20 + C)
WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT NITROGEN CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES?
a) five-membered, one nitrogen-containing ring called pyrrole
b) six-membered, one nitrogen-containing ring called pyridine
c) six-membered, two nitrogen-containing ring called pyrimidine
d) five-membered, two nitrogen-containing ring called imidazole
e) two condensed rings: pyrimidine and imidazole called purine
f) two condensed rings: benzene and pyrole called indol
WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT OXYGEN CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES?
a) five-membered ring called tetrahydrofuran (reduced by 4H from furan)
b) six-membered ring called tetrahydropyran (reduced by 4H from pyran)
WHAT IS A PHENOL?
an alcohol derived from benzene with only one hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring – aromatic ring to which an -OH group is attached
WHAT IS A CRESOL?
methyl derivatives of phenol
WHAT IS A BENZYL ALCOHOL?
-alcohol derived from toluene – the hydroxyl group of which is not attached directly to the benzene ring
-toluene is methyl benzene so the hydroxyl group can be attached to its methyl group
-alcohol is called benzyl alcohol
WHAT ARE ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS?
hydrocarbon compounds that are straight chained, branched or non-aromatic.
WHAT IS AN ENOL?
an -OH attached to an alkene
WHAT DOES THE OXIDATION OF A PRIMARY ALCOHOL GIVE?
aldehyde which can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid
WHAT DOES THE OXIDATION OF A SECONDARY ALCOHOL GIVE?
ketone
HOW ARE AMIDES FORMED?
Carboxylic acid can react with ammonia or primary amines to form amides.
In these condensation reactions the –OH in the –COOH bond reacts with one of the -H’s attached in the ammonia or –NH2 to form water. The resulting carbon and nitrogen atoms will then bond together to form the amide.
WHAT CAN ALCOHOLS BE REDUCED TO?
alkanes
WHAT CAN ALCOHOLS BE DEHYDRATED TO?
alkenes
ARE ALCOHOLS CHARGED IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?
no
WHAT CHARGE DO AMINES HAVE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?
negative
WHAT CHARGE DO AMIDES HAVE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?
positive
WHAT CHARGE DOES AMMONIA HAVE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?
positive
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF BOILING POINTS OR ORGANIC MOLECULES?
alkanes > alkenes > alkynes > haloalkanes > ether > ester > amine > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > carboxylic acid > amide
WHAT ARE THE ACYL GROUPS?
formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, oxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl, adipoyl, acryloyl, maleoyl, fumaroyl, glycoloyl, lactoyl, pyruvoyl, glceryoyl, maloyl, oxoalacetyl, benzoyl, phthaloyl
WHAT CAN ALDEHYDES AND KETONES FORM?
hemi-acetals, acetals and thiosacetals
HOW IS AN IMINE FORMED?
reaction of a primary amine with an aldehyde or a ketone (C=N)
WHAT ARE THE DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?
-nitriles
-acid anhydrides
-acid chlorides
-amide
-ester
WHEN AN ALCOHOL IS INTRODUCED INTO AN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT WHAT WILL RESULT?
-the alcohol will become protonated = OH2
NAME ATLEAST 3 COMPOUNDS WHICH ARE USED AS OXIDIZING AGENTS IN ORGANIC REACTIONS
-the chromium reagents (CrO3, CrO42-, Cr2O72-)
-permanganate (MnO4-) and manganate (MnO42-)
-nitric acid (HNO3)
-pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
WHAT IS AN ACYL CHLORIDE?
-An acyl chloride is a carboxylic acid derivative in which the -OH has been replaced by a -Cl.
WHAT IS A KETO / OXO ACID?
-It contains both a carboxylic acid and a ketone
