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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What atoms do hydrocarbons contain?

A
  • hydrogen

- carbon

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2
Q

Alkanes

A
  • simplest type of hydrocarbon
  • C(n)H(2n+2)
  • homologous series
  • saturated compounds (each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds)
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3
Q

Homologous series

A

Group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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4
Q

First four alkanes in order

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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5
Q

Properties of short hydrocarbons

A
  • lower viscosity
  • more volatile (turns into gas at a lower temperature)
  • lower boiling point
  • more volatile
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6
Q

Properties of large hydrocarbons

A
  • higher viscosity
  • less volatile (turns into a gas at a higher temperature)
  • higher boiling point
  • less flammable
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7
Q

Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon (word equation)

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbons

A
  • carbon and hydrogen are both oxidised (gain of oxygen)
  • used as fuels; large amounts of energy from burning
  • waste products are carbon dioxide and water
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9
Q

How is crude oil made?

A
  • fossil fuel
  • formed from remains of plants and animals (mainly plankton)
  • died millions of years ago and buried under mud
  • high temperatures and pressures turned the remains to crude oil
  • finite resources
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10
Q

Separation of crude oil

A
  • mixture of many hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes

- requires fractional distillation to separate

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11
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil process

A
  • heated until mostly gas; enter fractionating column
  • temperature gradient - cooler at top
  • longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points, so they condense lower down the column
  • shorter hydrocarbons have low boiling points, so they rise to the top of the column before they condense
  • crude oil separated into different fractions
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12
Q

Main fractions of crude oil (shortest to longest hydrocarbons)

A
  • LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
  • petrol
  • kerosene
  • diesel oil
  • heavy fuel oil
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13
Q

Uses of crude oil

A
  • fuel for most modern transport

- petrochemical industry (plastics, solvents, lubricants, detergents, etc.)

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14
Q

Why do we crack hydrocarbons?

A
  • short-chain hydrocarbons are in high demand
  • long-chain hydrocarbons are less useful
  • turn longer molecules into smaller ones
  • also produces alkenes
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15
Q

Catalytic cracking

A
  • thermal decomposition reaction
  • heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  • vapour passed over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
  • long-chain molecules split apart on specks of catalyst
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16
Q

Steam cracking

A
  • heat hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  • mix them with steam
  • heat to a very high temperature
17
Q

Alkenes

A
  • hydrocarbons with a double bond between two C atoms in their chain
  • C=C bond means they have 2 less hydrogens; unsaturated
  • C=C can open up to make a single bond; makes alkenes reactive
  • C(n)H(2n)
18
Q

First four alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

19
Q

Combustion of alkenes

A
  • combust completely in abundance of oxygen
  • produces carbon dioxide and water
  • burn in air; incomplete combustion
  • carbon dioxide, water and carbon monoxide
  • smoky yellow flame; less energy released
20
Q

Standard equation for incomplete combustion of alkenes

A

Alkene + oxygen => carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

21
Q

Functional Group

A
  • group of atoms in a molecule

- determine how that molecule typically reacts

22
Q

Addition Reactions of alkenes

A
  • C=C functional group
  • predict products of reaction based on how alkenes react in general
  • double bond opens up to leave a single bond, and a new atom is added to each carbon
23
Q

Alkenes reactions with halogens

A
  • react in addition reactions with halogens
  • forms saturated molecules with C=C carbons each bonding to a halogen atom
  • e.g. bromine and ethene react to form dibromoethane
24
Q

Test for alkenes

A
  • orange bromine water added to a saturated compound; no reaction will happen, no colour change
  • bromine water added to an alkene
  • bromine will add across the double bond, making a colourless dibromo-compound
  • bromine water is decolourised
25
Q

Reaction of alkenes with steam

A
  • water added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed
  • ethanol made by mixing ethene with steam and then passing over a catalyst
  • purified by fractional distillation
26
Q

Polymers

A
  • long molecules
  • formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together
  • plastics made up of polymers; usually carbon-based and polymers are alkenes
27
Q

Polymerisation

A
  • many monomers joining together into a polymer

- usually needs high pressure and a catalyst

28
Q

Addition Polymerisation

A
  • monomers have a double covalent bond
  • lots of unsaturated monomer molecules open up double bonds and join to form polymer chains
  • only product is the polymer - exactly same type/number of atoms as the monomers that formed it
29
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A
  • monomers which contain different functional groups
  • monomers react and form bonds, making polymer chains
  • each new bond that forms, a small molecule (e.g. water) is lost - hence the name condensation polymerisation
  • simplest types contain two different types of monomer, each with two of the same functional groups
30
Q

What two elements do hydrocarbons contain?

A

Hydrogen and Carbon

31
Q

What is the hottest part of a fractional distillation column?

A

It is hotter towards the bottom

32
Q

Name two methods of cracking

A

Steam cracking

Catalytic Cracking

33
Q

Give a product of cracking that is used for making plastics

A

Alkenea

34
Q

General formula for an alkene

A

C(n) H(2n)

35
Q

General formula for an alkane

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

36
Q

Give a word equation for the complete combustion of butane

A

Butane + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water

37
Q

What is used to test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water

38
Q

What type of compounds are used as the monomers to make addition polymers

A

Alkenes

Chemistry (10 decks)

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