organic chemistry

Question 1

what are tetrahedral carbons

Answer 1

> they have only single bonds
tetrahedral in shape
alkanes, chloroalkanes and alcohols are examples of tetrahedral compounds
they are used as fuels and solvents

Question 2

what are planar carbons

Answer 2

> has double or triple bond
two dimensional
double and triple bonds prevent rotation
alkynes and alkenes are typical examples

Question 3

true or false molecules can have planar parts and tetrahedral parts

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 4

contains C and H only

Question 5

what are saturated bonds and examples

Answer 5

only have single carbon to carbon covalent bond

e.g. alkanes, chloroalkanes, alcohols

Question 6

what are unsaturated bond and examples

Answer 6

contains at least one double or triple carbon to carbon bonds
e.g. alkenes and alkynes

Question 7

what does the test for unsaturation do

Answer 7

it turns bromine water from red to colourless or acidified KMnO4 from purple to colourless

Question 8

what is the solubility of the Polar OH group

Answer 8

this can lead to hydrogen bonding
soluble in polar solvents -water
insoluble in non polar solvents -cyclohexane and benzene
boiling point and melting point higher than expected for molecular mass due to increased intermolecular attraction caused by polar group

Question 9

what is caused by presence of Polar C to O group

Answer 9

does not lead to hydrogen bonding
soluble in polar solvents-water
insoluble in non polar solvents-cyclohexane and benzene
boiling point and melting point higher than expected for molecular mass due to increased intermolecular attraction caused by the polar group

Question 10

production and use of alkanes

Answer 10

production

• crude petroleum
• natural gas
• decomposing organic matter

uses
fuel

Question 11

production and use of alkenes

Answer 11

production
C2H5OH=C2H4+H2O(Al2O3)

uses
-making plastics

Question 11

production and use of alkenes

Answer 11

production
C2H5OH=C2H4+H2O(Al2O3)

uses
-making plastics

Question 12

production and uses of alkynes

Answer 12

production
CaC2+2H2O=C2H2+Ca(OH)2

uses
-fuel

Question 13

production and uses of alcohol

Answer 13

production
-C6H12O6=2C2H5OH+2CO2(zymase yeast)

uses

• beverage
• solvent
• fuel

Question 14

production and uses of aldehydes

Answer 14

production
-primary excess alcohol/remove immediately

uses

• making plastics
• fuel

Question 15

production and uses of ketones

Answer 15

production
-propan-2-ol (secondary alcohol) reflux

uses
-solvents

Question 16

production and uses of carboxylic acids

Answer 16

production
-dichromate in excess/reflux/then distil

uses

• condiment
• solvent
• cellulose acetate
• food preservatives

Question 17

production and uses of esters

Answer 17

production
C2H5OH+CH3COOH=CH3COOC2H5+H2O

uses

• solvents
• flavours

Question 18

hydrocarbon

Answer 18

made of Carbon and Hydrogen only

Question 19

Aliphatic

Answer 19

consists of chains of carbons

Question 20

what is the general formula for alkanes

Answer 20

CnH2n+2

Question 21

what are alkanes

Answer 21

• they are saturated hydrocarbons
• they are aliphatic e.g. consist of chains
• they are non polar so insoluble in water
• sources include crude petroleum, natural gas and decomposing plant matter
• they are separated by fractional distillation
• they are our main source of fuels

Question 22

what are chloroalkanes used for

Answer 22

-used as solvents and also flame retardants when fully halogenated e.g. CCI4 and CFCs

Question 23

what is the general formula for Alkenes

Answer 23

CnH2n

Question 24

name and formulas of Alkenes

Answer 24

> ethene C2H4
propene C3H6
butene C4H8