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Chemistry 101 > DEFINITIONS > Flashcards

DEFINITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

acid -bronsted lowry

A

proton H+ donor

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2
Q

acid -arrhenius

A

produces H+( hydrogen ion) by dissociated in water (aqueous solution)

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3
Q

acidic oxide

A

oxide that lowers pH in water

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4
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy needed for colliding particles to react

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5
Q

addition polymerisation

A

monomers combining to form a large molecule

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6
Q

absorption

A

the method of attachment of gaseous or liquid molecules to solid surface

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7
Q

AAS- atomic absorption spectrometry

A

instrumental method used to analyse water for heavy metals

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8
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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9
Q

BOD - biochemical oxygen demand

A

amount of oxygen consumed in p.p.m. (mg1-1) when sample kept in dark for 5 days at 20C

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10
Q

atomic orbital

A

region around nucleus in which there is high probability of finding electron

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11
Q

atomic radius

A

half the distance between the centres of singly bonded atoms of the same element

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12
Q

atomic sub level

A

a sub division of a main energy level consisting of one or more orbitals of the same energy

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13
Q

auto ignition

A

tendency to premature ignition

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14
Q

avogadros law

A

equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules under same conditions of temperature and pressure

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15
Q

base-arrhenius

A

produces OH- as only an ion in aqueous solution

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16
Q

base -bronsted lowry

A

proton H+ acceptor

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17
Q

bond energy

A

average energy required to break 1 mole of bonds into separate atoms in the gaseous state

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18
Q

boyles law

A

PV=k at constant temperature

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19
Q

catalyst

A

substance that alters rate of reaction and is not used up

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20
Q

catalytic cracking

A

splitting of long chain molecules by heat and catalyst

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21
Q

catalytic poison

A

substance that blocks the active site of a catalyst and stops it working

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22
Q

charles law

A

V/T=k at constant pressure

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23
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

state in which rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction

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24
Q

chromatography

A

separation of a mixture of components based on their relative attractions for a stationary phase while carried in a mobile phase

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25
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Production of a more complex molecule with formation of an unsaturated compound (or double bond) by the loss of a small molecule

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26
Q

Conjugate acid (bronsted Lowry)

A

Produced by gain of one proton (H+)

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27
Q

Conjugate pair

A

Acid base differing by proton

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28
Q

Covalent bond

A

Involving the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

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29
Q

Crystals

A

Regular solids made up of particles (atoms,ions,molecules) with fades intersecting at iced (definite, specific, characteristic) angles or consisting of particles in a lattice

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30
Q

Dobereiners triads

A

Elements of similar properties in groups of three

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31
Q

Dynamic

A

Reaction has not stopped

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32
Q

Effective collision

A

One that results in a reaction

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33
Q

Electrolysis

A

Chemical reaction caused by electric current passing through an electrolyte

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34
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of relative attraction for shared electrons

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35
Q

Element

A

An element cannot be broken down into anything simpler

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36
Q

Energy level

A

Shell which electrons of equal energy can occupy

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37
Q

Equilibrium

A

Rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction

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38
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excess plant growth caused by excess nutrient in water

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39
Q

Excited state

A

Higher energy state or in n > 1 level (shell)

40
Q

Feedstock

A

Modified and purified raw materials

41
Q

First ionisation energy

A

Minimum energy to remove most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state

42
Q

Flocculation

A

The clumping of suspended solids

43
Q

gay lussacs law

A

the volumes measured at the same temperature and pressure of reacting gases and their gaseous products are in small whole number ratios

44
Q

greenhouse factor

A

stating its influence on the green house effect compared with carbon dioxide

45
Q

greenhouse effect

A

blocking the escape of radiation by gases in the atmosphere

46
Q

greenhouse gas

A

atmospheric gas that prevents escape of heat

47
Q

ground state

A

in lowest energy state or in n = 1 level (shell)

48
Q

half life

A

time taken for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay

49
Q

hard water

A

does not form a lather with soap

forms scum with soap

50
Q

soft water

A

forms a lather with soap

51
Q

temporary hardness

A

removed by boiling caused by calcium (magnesium) hydrogencarbonate

52
Q

hardness

A

not removed by boiling caused by calcium or magnesium chloride or sulphate

53
Q

heat of combustion

A

heat change when one mole of a substance is burned completely in excess oxygen

54
Q

heat of formation

A

heat change when one mole of a compound formed from its elements in their standard states

55
Q

heat of reaction

A

heat change when the number of moles of reactants in the balanced equation react completely

56
Q

heinsbergs uncertainty principle

A

it is not possible to measure the exact position and velocity of electron in atom at same time

57
Q

hetrogeneous catalyst

A

reactants and catalyst in different phases

58
Q

homogeneous catalyst

A

reactants and catalyst in the same phase

59
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon only

60
Q

ideal gas

A

a gas the that obeys the gas laws at all values of temperature and pressure

61
Q

immiscible liquids

A

do not mix or do not dissolve in each other

62
Q

isomers

A

compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula

63
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of same element with different mass numbers due to different number of neutrons

64
Q

intermolecular

A

forces between molecules

65
Q

intramolecular

A

forces between atoms in a molecule

66
Q

Kw

67
Q

le chateliers principle

A

reactions at equilibrium oppose applied stressed

68
Q

limiting reagent

A

substance that is totally consumed when chemical reaction is complete

69
Q

mole

A

contains the avogadros number (61023) of particles or relative molecular mass in grams

70
Q

mass number

A

number or protons and neutrons in the atom of an isotope

71
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to compound that can be used by plants

72
Q

octane number

A

measure of the tendency of a fuel to auto ignite

73
Q

orbital

A

region in which electron is likely to be found

74
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons or increase in oxidation number

75
Q

pH

A

-log10(H3O+)

76
Q

Pi Bond

A

side on overlap of p orbitals

77
Q

primary standard

A

pure, stable, high molecular mass substance from which solutions of known concentration can be made

78
Q

primary treatment

A

removal of solids by screening and settlement (sedimentation)

79
Q

radioactivity

A

spontaneous breaking up of a nucleus to release a,b or y radiation

80
Q

rate of a chemical reaction

A

change in concentration of reactant or product per unit time

81
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons or increase in oxidation number

82
Q

relative atomic mass

A

average mass of atoms of element relative 1/12 mass of carbon atom or isotope

83
Q

reversible

A

can go in both directions

84
Q

scrubbing

A

method of removing pollutants from industrial chimney gases

85
Q

secondary treatment (sewage)

A

biological oxidation

86
Q

sigma bond

A

head on (end on) overlap of orbitals

87
Q

standardised

A

concentration got by another titration (or colorimetry or u.v. spectroscopy)

88
Q

strong acid -bronsted lowry

A

good proton donor

89
Q

strong acid- arrhenius

A

completely dissociate into ions in dilute aqueous solution

90
Q

structural isomer

A

compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

91
Q

sub level

A

a sub division of a main energy level consisting of one or more orbitals of the same energy

92
Q

tertiary treatment (of sewage)

A

removal of nitrogen compounds (nitrates) and phosphorus compounds (phosphates)

93
Q

unsaturated

A

having at least one carbon to carbon double or triple bond

94
Q

volatile

A

easily vaporised

95
Q

weak acid -bronsted lowry

A

poor proton donor

96
Q

weak acid -arrhenius

A

lightly dissociates into H3O+ ions in dilute aqueous solution

Chemistry 101 (10 decks)

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