Organic chemistry

Question 1

Define Homologous series

Answer 1

a ‘family’ of similar compounds with similar
chemical properties due to the presence of the
same functional group

Question 2

Describe the general characteristics of a

homologous series

Answer 2

• Same chemical properties
• Same general formula
• Same method of preparation
• Vary in physical properties

Question 3

Describe structural isomerism

Answer 3

Structural isomerism = compounds with the same molecular formula exist in
different forms due to different arrangements of atoms

Question 4

Define hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 5

Define saturated compounds

Answer 5

A compound containing only carbon-carbon single bonds

Question 6

Define unsaturated compounds

Answer 6

Compounds that contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

Question 7

Nmenoic for the naming the carbon chains

Answer 7

Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Hexane, Heptane

Question 8

When does complete combustion occur?

Answer 8

Complete combustion occurs when there is excess oxygen so water and carbon dioxide form

Question 9

When does incomplete combustion occur?

Answer 9

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to burn so either carbon monoxide and water or carbon and water form

Question 10

Which functional group undergoes substitution reaction?

Answer 10

Alkanes

Question 11

Which functional group undergoes addition reaction?

Answer 11

Alkenes

Question 12

General formula of alkane

Answer 12

CnH2n+2

Question 13

General formula of alkene

Answer 13

CnH2n

Question 14

Uses of alkenes

Answer 14

to make alcohols
to make plastics
to make polymers
as a solvent

Question 15

Two pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics

Answer 15

Ingestion of plastics fatal to animals

Combustion releases toxins

Question 16

Difference between condensation and addition polymerization

Answer 16

Addition- Uses one monomer, one product formed- A polymer

Condensation- Two monomers, two products formed-A polymer and water

Question 17

Name a reagent that can oxidize an alcohol to form a carboxylic acid

Answer 17

Potassium manganate (VII)

Question 18

Conditions for hydrogenation

Answer 18

Catalyst- Nickel

Temp- 150-300

Question 19

Conditions for hydration

Answer 19

Catalyst- Phosphoric acid
Temp- 300
Pressure- 60 atm

Question 20

The chemical name for chloroform

Answer 20

Trichloromethane

Question 21

Condition for addition polymerisation

Answer 21

High temp, High pressure and a catalyst

Question 22

Use of polypropene

Answer 22

Plastic ropes

Question 23

Use of PVC

Answer 23

Plumbing

Question 24

Use of tetrafluroethene (Teflon)

Answer 24

Non stick fry pans

Question 25

Hydrolysis of protein conditions

Answer 25

Heat with concentrated HCl (6mol/dm^3)

Question 26

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates condition

Answer 26

Warm with HCl

Question 27

Difference between structures of nylon and protein

Answer 27

Proteins are made of 20 different amino acid monomer whilst nylon is made of only 2 monomers

Question 28

Linkage of nylon

Answer 28

amide or peptide linkage

Question 29

Linkage of terylene

Answer 29

Ester linkage

Question 30

State the order of fraction of crude oil in order of increasing boiling points and mention their uses

Answer 30

``` Refinery gas- Cooking Petrol- Fuel for gas- 40 degrees Naphtha- Making chemicals- 110 deg Kerosene- Fuel in aircraft engines- 180 deg Diesel- Fuel for diesel engines- 260 deg Fuel oil- For ship engines Lubricating oil- Used in waxes and polishes Bitumen- For surfacing roads- 340 deg ```

Question 31

To what temperature is petroleum preheated to in the fractionating column?

Answer 31

350-400 degrees

Question 32

What reaction takes place in cracking?

Answer 32

Thermal decomposition

Question 33

Define cracking

Answer 33

Conversion of longer-chain molecules into short-chain and more useful hydrocarbons

Question 34

State the products of cracking

Answer 34

- Alkane and an alkene or | - Two or more alkenes and hydrogen