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CHEM :)() > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homologous series

A

a ‘family’ of similar compounds with similar
chemical properties due to the presence of the
same functional group

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2
Q

Describe the general characteristics of a

homologous series

A
  • Same chemical properties
  • Same general formula
  • Same method of preparation
  • Vary in physical properties
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3
Q

Describe structural isomerism

A

Structural isomerism = compounds with the same molecular formula exist in
different forms due to different arrangements of atoms

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4
Q

Define hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

Define saturated compounds

A

A compound containing only carbon-carbon single bonds

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6
Q

Define unsaturated compounds

A

Compounds that contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

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7
Q

Nmenoic for the naming the carbon chains

A

Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Hexane, Heptane

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8
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

Complete combustion occurs when there is excess oxygen so water and carbon dioxide form

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9
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to burn so either carbon monoxide and water or carbon and water form

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10
Q

Which functional group undergoes substitution reaction?

A

Alkanes

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11
Q

Which functional group undergoes addition reaction?

A

Alkenes

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12
Q

General formula of alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

General formula of alkene

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

Uses of alkenes

A

to make alcohols
to make plastics
to make polymers
as a solvent

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15
Q

Two pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics

A

Ingestion of plastics fatal to animals

Combustion releases toxins

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16
Q

Difference between condensation and addition polymerization

A

Addition- Uses one monomer, one product formed- A polymer

Condensation- Two monomers, two products formed-A polymer and water

17
Q

Name a reagent that can oxidize an alcohol to form a carboxylic acid

A

Potassium manganate (VII)

18
Q

Conditions for hydrogenation

A

Catalyst- Nickel

Temp- 150-300

19
Q

Conditions for hydration

A

Catalyst- Phosphoric acid
Temp- 300
Pressure- 60 atm

20
Q

The chemical name for chloroform

A

Trichloromethane

21
Q

Condition for addition polymerisation

A

High temp, High pressure and a catalyst

22
Q

Use of polypropene

A

Plastic ropes

23
Q

Use of PVC

A

Plumbing

24
Q

Use of tetrafluroethene (Teflon)

A

Non stick fry pans

25
Q

Hydrolysis of protein conditions

A

Heat with concentrated HCl (6mol/dm^3)

26
Q

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates condition

A

Warm with HCl

27
Q

Difference between structures of nylon and protein

A

Proteins are made of 20 different amino acid monomer whilst nylon is made of only 2 monomers

28
Q

Linkage of nylon

A

amide or peptide linkage

29
Q

Linkage of terylene

A

Ester linkage

30
Q

State the order of fraction of crude oil in order of increasing boiling points and mention their uses

A 
Refinery gas- Cooking
Petrol- Fuel for gas- 40 degrees
Naphtha- Making chemicals- 110 deg
Kerosene- Fuel in aircraft engines- 180 deg
Diesel- Fuel for diesel engines- 260 deg
Fuel oil- For ship engines
Lubricating oil- Used in waxes and polishes
Bitumen- For surfacing roads- 340 deg
31
Q

To what temperature is petroleum preheated to in the fractionating column?

A

350-400 degrees

32
Q

What reaction takes place in cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

33
Q

Define cracking

A

Conversion of longer-chain molecules into short-chain and more useful hydrocarbons

34
Q

State the products of cracking

A
  • Alkane and an alkene or

- Two or more alkenes and hydrogen

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